Rational Choice Theory Essays (Examples)
Study Document
Utility Maximization Theory And Economics
Is the Theory of Utility Maximization Reliable for rational Consumers to Make Decisions?
The article by Rothman about Johnson’s book focuses on the topic of how most people use “bounded rational” to make their decisions—that is, they do not use a true scientific process when deciding what to do with their lives. Rather they … make their decisions—that is, they do not use a true scientific process when deciding what to do with their lives. Rather they make choice based on constrained circumstances: they do not push the parameters of their knowledge or seek out all options and explore all possibilities, weighing … not know how to quantify the pros or cons of this or that decision. Thus, it is much more difficult to apply the theory of utility maximization, which stipulates that people spend their money trying to maximize the value of every dollar they spend. The reality is……
References
Works Cited
Rothman, Joshua. “The Art of Decision Making.” The New Yorker, 2019.
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/01/21/the-art-of-decision-making
Study Document
Theory Practice Of Business Psychology In Johnson & Johnson Company
Theory and Practice of Business Psychology
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 3
2 Motivators in the Workplace 3
2.1 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Workplace Motivation 3
2.2 Vroom’s Expectancy Theory 5
2.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory 7
2.3.1 Primary Motivators in the Workplace 8
2.3.2 Secondary Motivators in the Workplace 10
2.4 Extent of the Impact of Primary Motivators … organizational goals and objectives. Some theories can illustrate a few aspects of motivation and how it relates to the workplace setting.
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Workplace Motivation
Fredrick Herzberg analyzed the concept of motivation from a distinctive point of view. By making inquisitions to persons specifically regarding … that is peaceful, ideal, and encouraging at all times. Ultimately, the company has a proper work-home balance (Johnson & Johnson, 2020).
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
This motivation theory was conceptualized by Victor Vroom in 1964, indicated the link between an individual’s motivation……
References
References
Asim, M., 2013. Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance with effect of training: Specific to Education Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(9), 1-9.
Heneman, H. G., & Schwab, D. P., 1972. Evaluation of research on expectancy theory predictions of employee performance. Psychological Bulletin, 78(1), 1.
Herzberg, F., 1987. One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review, 65, 5.
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. & Snyderman, B. 1959. The motivation to work. New York. John Wiley.
Hilgert, R. L., Leonard, E. C., 2001. Supervision: Concepts and practices of management. New York: South-Western College Publication.
Johnson & Johnson., 2020. Wellness 360: 9 Innovative Johnson & Johnson Employee Benefits for Mind, Body, and Budget. Retrieved 25 February 2020 from https://www.jnj.com/health-and-wellness/innovative-employee-benefits-and-wellness-programs-from-johnson-johnson
Johnson & Johnson., 2020. Careers: Healthiest Finances. Retrieved 25 February 2020 from https://www.careers.jnj.com/employee-benefits/financial-benefits .
Johnson & Johnson. , 2018. 2018 Health for Humanity Report: Creating Unique Career Opportunities. Retrieved 25 February 2020 from https://healthforhumanityreport.jnj.com/our-people/creating-unique-career-opportunities
Study Document
Violence Prevention Programs
… in respectful rather than abusive communication (Alternative Paths, 2020). This paper will discuss this topic, explain it from the theoretical perspective of strain theory, describe the present literature, and make recommendations based on the problems with violence prevention programs from a strain theory perspective and what can be done to solve those issues.
Violence Prevention Programs
Violence prevention programs are programs designed to address the needs … the community? To understand the actual impact of the programs, one has to examine them from suitable theoretical perspective. This is where strain theory can be applied.
Strain Theory
Strain theory is used in the field of sociology and criminology to explain why conflict occurs. Merton’s strain theory posits that people are pressured to commit crime by society: they may be unaccepted by others, or they may face severe economic or … They commit crime when the pressure becomes too great and……
References
References
Altafim, E. R. P., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2016). Universal violence and childmaltreatment prevention programs for parents: A systematic review. Psychosocial Intervention, 25(1), 27-38.
Alternative Paths. (2020). Violence prevention. Retrieved from https://www.alternativepaths.org/services/diversion-programs/violence-prevention-program
Farrell, A. D., Meyer, A. L., Kung, E. M., & Sullivan, T. N. (2001). Development and evaluation of school-based violence prevention programs. Journal of clinical child psychology, 30(2), 207-220.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1995). Why violence prevention programs don't work--and what does. Educational Leadership, 52(5), 63-68.
Lee, C., & Wong, J. S. (2020). Examining the effects of teen dating violence prevention programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1-40.
Siegel, L. (2018). Criminology, 7th Ed. Cengage Learning.
Stagg, S. J., & Sheridan, D. (2010). Effectiveness of bullying and violence prevention programs: A systematic review. Aaohn Journal, 58(10), 419-424.
Study Document
Volkswagen Emissions Fraud
...Rational choice theory Decisions Influenced by Bias
Volkswagen produced vehicles that were equipped with emissions controls that were designed to shut off once the cars had passed regulatory tests. As s result, not only did the cars pollute more in real life than in those tests, but the company benefitted from these tests financially, because they showed that diesel engines were less polluting than gasoline ones. The result was misleading the public, making the company eligible for subsidies that gave it competitive benefit, and misleading the public, as many people may have chosen to buy a Volkswagen in part based on the emissions performance of the vehicles (Parloff, 2018).
Biases at Play
There were a few different biases at play in the Volkswagen case that can be unpacked. The first of these is the bias towards the optimal motivations of executive action. The company’s senior executive at the time, Martin Winterkorn, was aware……
References
References
Ganti, A. (2019) Rationcal choice theory. Investopedia. Retrieved January 18, 2020 from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rational-choice-theory.asp
Palmiter, A. (no date). Corporate governance as moral psychology. In possession of the author.
Parloff, R. (2018) How VW paid $25 billion for dieselgate – and got off easy. Business Ethics. Retrieved January 18, 2020 from https://business-ethics.com/2018/02/08/1638-how-vw-paid-25-billion-for-dieselgate-and-got-off-easy/
Smith, A. (2018) Volkswagen ex-CEO charged with fraud in diesel emissions scandal. CNN. Retrieved January 18, 2020 from https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/03/news/companies/winterkorn-vw-diesel-scandal/index.html
Study Document
Gangs Formation And Functioning
… the author, this area has mostly been overlooked by risk factor-centered interventions, which mostly pay attention to the concepts of sociological positivism and rational choice theory.
Alleyne & Wood (2013)
This research work studied the mental, behavioral, and societal factors linked to gang offenses. Using a comparison of group ……
References
References
Alleyne, E., & Wood, J. L. (2013). Gang-related crime: The social, psychological, and behavioral correlates. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(7), 611-627.
FBI, (n.d.). Gangs. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/violent-crime/gangs#The-Gang%20Threat on 12 June 2020
Finelli, G. A. (2019). Slash, Shoot, Kill Gang Recruitment of Children, and the Penalties Gangs Face. Family Court Review, 57(2), 243-257.
Hesketh, R. F. (2018). A critical exploration of why some individuals with similar backgrounds do or do not become involved in deviant street groups and the potential implications for their future life choices. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Chester, United Kingdom).
Hesketh, R.F. (2019). Joining gangs: living on the edge?. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, Vol. 5 No. 4; 280-294.
Higginson, A., Benier, K., Shenderovich, Y., Bedford, L., Mazerolle, L., & Murray, J. (2018). Factors associated with youth gang membership in low?and middle?income countries: a systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 14(1), 1-128.
Howell, J. C. (2010). Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Klein, M.W. (1995). The American street gang: Its nature, prevalence, and control. New York: Oxford University Press.
Study Document
Career Counseling
… and went on to receive a Bachelor’s degree in psychology from FAMU.
Even if my immediate family had not supported me in my choice, I believe I still would have pursued the same path…[break]…the gamut of roles that educators can play. I only knew I wanted to … skills, my personality, my knowledge and abilities, and the work activities and environments I prefer. Receiving Chief Executive as one of the career choice, I focused then on the tasks required for this path. The tasks included directing and coordinating budgets to maximize a firm’s profitability, appointing ……
References
References
Holland, J.L., Johnston, J.A. & Asama, F. (1994). More evidence for the relationship between Holland’s personality types and personality variables. Journal of Career Assessment 2(4): 331-340.
“Holland’s Six Personality Types.” Career Key. Retrieved online: https://www.careerkey.org/choose-a-career/holland-personality-types.html#.WgEWKxNSyRt
Occupational Information Network (ONet, 2017). Website; https://www.onetonline.org/
Rogers, M.E. & Creed, P.A. (2011). A longitudinal examination of adolescent career planning and exploration using a social cognitive career theory framework. Journal of Adolescence 34(1): 163-172.
Rogers, M.E., Creed, P.A. & Glendon, A.I. (2008). The role of personality in adolescent career planning and exploration: A social cognitive perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior 73(1): 132-142.
Savickas, M.L. (2004). The theory and practice of career construction. In Career Development and Counseling. John Wiley.
Walsh, B. W., & Holland, J. L. (1992). A theory of personality types and work environments. In W. B. Walsh, K. H. Craik, & R. H. Price (Eds.), Person–environment psychology: Models and perspectives (pp. 35-69). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Study Document
Criminal Perspectives Social Trait Classical
… explain why people commit crime and why some people are more predisposed to engage in criminal activity than others. The trait, social, and classical/choice perspectives are among the most common criminological perspectives. This text describes the core arguments of these three perspectives and how they dictate the … gang activity, unemployment, deteriorating infrastructures, and single-parent homes, which increase the risk of engaging in crime (Hagan, 2010). According to the social disorganization theory, conventional institutions of social control including community organizations, churches, schools, and family units are weak and unable to regulate criminal behavior in such … they live in disorganized neighborhoods, lack access to social control institutions, and interact with people who either engage in or approve of criminality.
Classical/choice (Deterrence) Perspective
The classical or choice perspective argues that humans are rational agents and will compare the benefits and costs of an action before deciding whether or not to……
References
References
Cole, G., & Smith, C. (2007). Criminal Justice in America (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
Hagan, F. E. (2010). Introduction to Criminology: Theory, Methods and Criminal Behavior (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mackenzie, D. L. (2001). Sentencing and Corrections in the 21st century: Setting the Stage for the Future. National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/189106-2.pdf
Siegel, L. J. (2015). Criminology: Theories, Patterns and Typologies (12th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Study Document
Depression In The Military
… of mind and increase their ability to bounce back when adversity strikes (Griffith & West, 2013). The MRT program is rooted in the theory of positive psychology put forward by Seligman: positive psychology focuses essentially on the art of human flourishing—i.e., on that which makes life worth … in: the former leads inevitably to death; the latter contains in it the promise of live everlasting. For the suffering soul, the latter choice should be the most attractive one.
Conclusion
Depression can be a serious affliction for soldiers in the military. Many soldiers and veterans returning … Treating depression is important because if untreated it can cause a person to slip into isolation and even into suicidal behavior. Positive psychology theory and the theory of the hierarchy of needs are two ways that many find to be helpful in treating depression. The Army itself has incorporate positive ……
References
References
Bonde, J. P., Utzon-Frank, N., Bertelsen, M., Borritz, M., Eller, N. H., Nordentoft, M., ... & Rugulies, R. (2016). Risk of depressive disorder following disasters and military deployment: systematic review with meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(4), 330-336.
Bonelli, R., Dew, R. E., Koenig, H. G., Rosmarin, D. H., & Vasegh, S. (2012). Religious and spiritual factors in depression: review and integration of the research. Depression research and treatment, 2012.
Casey Jr, G. W. (2011). Comprehensive soldier fitness: A vision for psychological resilience in the US Army. American Psychologist, 66(1), 1.
Dolphin, K. E., Steinhardt, M. A., & Cance, J. D. (2015). The role of positive emotions in reducing depressive symptoms among Army wives. Military Psychology, 27(1), 22-35.
Griffith, J., & West, C. (2013). Master resilience training and its relationship to individual well-being and stress buffering among Army National Guard soldiers. The journal of behavioral health services & research, 40(2), 140-155.
Kang, H. K., Bullman, T. A., Smolenski, D. J., Skopp, N. A., Gahm, G. A., & Reger, M. A. (2015). Suicide risk among 1.3 million veterans who were on active duty during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Annals of epidemiology, 25(2), 96-100.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370.
Reivich, K. J., Seligman, M. E., & McBride, S. (2011). Master resilience training in the US Army. American Psychologist, 66(1), 25.
Study Document
Counterintelligence Issues Within The United States
… future. Cohen (2016) implicitly views the entire act of counterintelligence from the standpoint of ethical egoism, which is highly problematic both from a rational and ethical standpoint but also from a political standpoint (Lyons 1976). Part of the reason for Cohen’s (2016) problematic position is cultural: Cohen … came to maturity in the US in an era of conflict, it is helpful to approach the subject from the standpoint of conflict theory and the theories developed around it, all of which focus on the ways in which power is sought and used by groups in ……
References
Bibliography
2020-2022 National Counterintelligence Strategy of the United States. 2020. Washington, DC: National Counterintelligence and Security Center
Bailey, Christopher and Susan M. Galich. 2012. “Codes of Ethics: The Intelligence Community.” International Journal of Intelligence Ethics 35 (2): 77-99.
Bernardi, Beatrice. 2013. "The Role of Intelligence in the Fight Against International Terrorism: Legal Profiles." Bachelor's thesis, Università Ca'Foscari Venezia.
Carson, Thomas L. 2010. Lying and Deception: Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press.
Cohen, Shlomo. 2016. "Are There Moral Limits to Military Deception?." Philosophia 44 (4): 1305-1318.
Coyne, John, Peter Bell, and Shannon Merrington. 2013. "Exploring ethics in intelligence and the role of leadership." Interntional Journal of Business and Commerce 2 (10): 27-37.
Erskine, Toni. 2004. "'As Rays of Light to the Human Soul'? Moral Agents and Intelligence Gathering." Intelligence & National Security 19 (2): 359-381.
Godson, Roy, and James J. Wirtz. 2000. "Strategic denial and deception." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 13 (4): 424-437.
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