Theory Essays (Examples)
Study Document
Theory Practice Of Business Psychology In Johnson & Johnson Company
Theory and Practice of Business Psychology
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 3
2 Motivators in the Workplace 3
2.1 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Workplace Motivation 3
2.2 Vroom’s Expectancy Theory 5
2.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory 7
2.3.1 Primary Motivators in the Workplace 8
2.3.2 Secondary Motivators in the Workplace 10
2.4 Extent of the Impact of Primary Motivators … organizational goals and objectives. Some theories can illustrate a few aspects of motivation and how it relates to the workplace setting.
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Workplace Motivation
Fredrick Herzberg analyzed the concept of motivation from a distinctive point of view. By making inquisitions to persons specifically regarding … that is peaceful, ideal, and encouraging at all times. Ultimately, the company has a proper work-home balance (Johnson & Johnson, 2020).
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
This motivation theory was conceptualized by Victor Vroom in 1964, indicated the link between an individual’s motivation……
References
References
Asim, M., 2013. Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance with effect of training: Specific to Education Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(9), 1-9.
Heneman, H. G., & Schwab, D. P., 1972. Evaluation of research on expectancy theory predictions of employee performance. Psychological Bulletin, 78(1), 1.
Herzberg, F., 1987. One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review, 65, 5.
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. & Snyderman, B. 1959. The motivation to work. New York. John Wiley.
Hilgert, R. L., Leonard, E. C., 2001. Supervision: Concepts and practices of management. New York: South-Western College Publication.
Johnson & Johnson., 2020. Wellness 360: 9 Innovative Johnson & Johnson Employee Benefits for Mind, Body, and Budget. Retrieved 25 February 2020 from https://www.jnj.com/health-and-wellness/innovative-employee-benefits-and-wellness-programs-from-johnson-johnson
Johnson & Johnson., 2020. Careers: Healthiest Finances. Retrieved 25 February 2020 from https://www.careers.jnj.com/employee-benefits/financial-benefits .
Johnson & Johnson. , 2018. 2018 Health for Humanity Report: Creating Unique Career Opportunities. Retrieved 25 February 2020 from https://healthforhumanityreport.jnj.com/our-people/creating-unique-career-opportunities
Study Document
Theories And Free Will
I agree with the theory that humans are born with innate ideas. This idea was best expressed by Plato (2010), who argued that “man must have intelligence of ……
References
References
Plato. (2010). The Dialouges, vol. 1. Online Library of Liberty. Retrieved from http://lf-oll.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/111/Plato_0131-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf
Study Document
Gestalt Theory
… distinct parts (Corey, 2016, p. 199). Gestalt is a German word meaning “pattern,” or “shape,” and Wertheimer provided some empirical support for his theory first by publishing the results of his research in human perception. Wertheimer studied a phenomenon called apparent motion, a type of visual illusion … saying “the whole is different than the sum of its parts,” and Kurt Koffka. Early Gestalt researchers focused mainly on the application of theory to understanding human perception, but later researchers merged Gestalt tenets with psychotherapy. The most notable form of Gestalt therapy was developed by Frederick … English (or the language used in the therapy). Gestalt therapy could also be accommodating to different cultures and different perceptions.
How is Gestalt Theory is Differentially applied with Children, Adolescent and Adults
The applicability of Gestalt therapy with children seems to me somewhat limited, especially because the … on the here-and-now conflicts they……
References
References
Corey, G. (2016). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Levine, T. B. Y. (2012). Gestalt Therapy: Advances in Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Woldt, A. L., & Toman, S. M. (2005). Gestalt Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Study Document
Test1
Strengths Perspective Theory
Provide some data specific points on the trends associated with the two oppressed/marginalized population (LGBTC Youth and Homeless Youth). B. Indicate the reason … by anti-gay students (D’Augelli, 2006).
Reflect (i.e Identify, compare and Discuss) on at least two theories of social work practice and indicate which theory seems best suited to deal/assist with the special need of those population. B. Briefly discuss the main points of the theory selected but spend more time discussing the connection made between the LGBT Youth and Homeless Youth and the…[break]…be best suited to work with … will be best suited to work with this specific population. Specifically, when examining challenges faced by homeless youth and LGBTQ youth, the systems theory and psychosocial theory are a pivotal lens for professionals in social work to exploit in comprehending the life experiences of this population and developing solutions (Foss, ……
References
References
Bilodeau, B. L., & Renn, K. A. (2005). Analysis of LGBT identity development models and implications for practice. New directions for student services, 2005(111), 25-39.
Cray, A., Miller, K., & Durso, L. E. (2013). Seeking shelter: The experiences and unmet needs of LGBT homeless youth. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress.
Cunningham, M., Pergamit, M., Astone, N., & Luna, J. (2014). Homeless LGBTQ youth. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
Dank, M., Yahner, J., Madden, K., Bañuelos, I., Yu, L., Ritchie, A., ... & Conner, B. (2015). Surviving the Streets of New York: Experiences of LGBTQ Youth, YMSM and YWSW Engaged in Survival Sex. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
D'augelli, A. R. (2006). Developmental and contextual factors and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. American Psychological Association.
Durso, L. E., & Gates, G. J. (2012). Serving our youth: Findings from a national survey of services providers working with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. Los Angeles: The Williams Institute with True Colors and the Palatte Fund.
Foss, S. (2017). A Guide to Social Work Advocacy for Transgender Adolescents and Young Adults. Texas State University.
Higa, D., Hoppe, M. J., Lindhorst, T., Mincer, S., Beadnell, B., Morrison, D. M., ... & Mountz, S. (2014). Negative and positive factors associated with the well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. Youth & Society, 46(5), 663-687.
Study Document
Strengths And Weaknesses Of Various Organizational Behavior Theories
… definition of organizational behavior together with a statement of three prominent theories of organizational behavior, French and Raven's Five Bases of Power, Complexity Theory and Resource Dependence Theory. An explanation concerning the fundamental concepts of each of these three theories is followed by an analysis of their respective importance to a … and three of these theories are discussed below.
Three theories of organizational behavior
French and Raven's Five Bases of Power
The organizational behavior theory developed by French and Raven (1959) conceptualizes social power within a framework consisting of five discrete bases of power: (a) coercive power (i.e., … and attraction to managers); and (e) expert power (i.e., managers possess unique or specialized skills or knowledge). In other words, this organizational behavior theory focuses on the internal workings of an organization to describe the fashion in which personal and professional dynamics operate on a day-to-day basis … (1959)……
References
References
‘About Air India.’ Air India. [online] available: http://www.airindia.in/about-airindia.htm .
Arena, MJ ‘Understanding Large Group Intervention Processes: A Complexity Theory Perspective.’ Organization Development Journal, 27, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 49-53
Braunstein, JR and Zhang, JJ ‘Dimensions of Athletic Star Power Associated with Generation Y Sports Consumption.’ International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 6, no. 4 (July 2005): 242-245.
Buble, M and Juras, A ‘The Relationship between Managers\\' Leadership Styles and Motivation.’ Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 19, no. 1 (June 2014): 161-165.
French, JRP & Raven, B ‘Bases of power.’ In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in Social Power (pp. 150-167). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 1959.
Gruia, GC and Kavan, M ‘An Off-Line Dual Maximum Resource Bin Packing Model for Solving the Maintenance Problem in the Aviation Industry.’ Global Economic Observer, 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 135-140.
Hillman, AJ, Withers, MC and Collins, BJ ‘Resource dependence theory: A Review.’ Journal of Management, 35, no. 6 (2009): 1404-1427.
Jain, AK ‘Organizational Citizenship Behaviour as a Potential Source of Social Power.’ Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 45, no. 3 (January 2010): 396-401.
Study Document
Learning Theory An Assessment Of Applicability
The Applicability of Learning Theory
Learning is a complex process by which an individual acquires and modifies their knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, and skills through study, instruction or experience. … theories are behaviorism, constructivism, cognitivism, and humanism. This text analyzes the learning process as portrayed by these four theories, the ideologies within each theory, and evidence-based application of learning theory to enhance learning.
Behaviorism Theory
Behaviorism theory emphasizes the role of external factors/stimuli in shaping an individual’s behavior (Rosser-Majors, 2017). Behaviorists argue that all behavior is an association between an … Learning is said to have occurred when an individual displays a proper response following the presentation of a certain stimulus (Rosser-Majors, 2017).
Behaviorism theory incorporates several ideologies, including operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and associative learning. Classical conditioning is a process by which an individual pairs a naturally … the behavior (failing to submit assignment) and the associated consequence (not going……
References
References
Al-Rawahi, N., & Al-Balushi, M. (2015). The Effect of Reflective Science Journal Writing on Students’ Self-Regulated Learning Strategies. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 10(3), 367-79.
Dotson, R. (2016). Goal-Setting to Increase Student Academic Performance. Journal of School Administration Research and Development, 1(1), 44-46.
Harasim, L. (2017). Learning Theory and Online Technologies. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Rosser-Majors, M. L. (2017). Theories of Learning: an Exploration. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.
Wan, Z., Compeau, D., & Haggerty, N. (2014). The Effects of Self-Regulated Learning Processes on E-Learning Outcomes in Organizational Settings. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(1), 307-40.
Study Document
Criminology Sociology And Three Theories Of Crime
… criminal behavior are similar, which is why they are sometimes integrated or at least interrelated in criminological discourse. Strain theories evolved from Durkheim’s theory of anomie: the individual’s disregard for social norms arising from the breakdown of social cohesion (Crossman, 2019). A breakdown of social cohesion can … to engage in impulsive or deviant acts.
Learning theories assume that deviance is learned, either through basic conditioning or through modeling. Differential association theory explains social learning in terms of an individual’s subcultural alignment, as deviant behaviors are labeled as normative within some subcultures. According to learning … theories show how the subculture removes the institutional level controls even while those controls remain tacitly extant in the dominant culture.
An integrated theory combining strain, control, and learning theories can help explain some criminal behaviors but may not necessarily establish the three criteria of causality. Causality ……
References
References
Crossman, A. (2019). Deviance and strain theory in sociology. Thoughtco. Retrieved from: https://www.thoughtco.com/structural-strain-theory-3026632
“Differential Association, Strain and Control Theories,” (n.d.). Retrieved from: julianhermida.com/contbondstrain.htm
Rukus, J., Stogner, J. & Miller, B. (2016). LBGT novel drug use as contextualized through control, strain, and learning theories. Social Science Quarterly. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bryan_Miller4/publication/308669239_LGBT_Novel_Drug_Use_as_Contextualized_Through_Control_Strain_and_Learning_Theories_LGBT_Novel_Drug_Use/links/5a579e46aca2726376b66832/LGBT-Novel-Drug-Use-as-Contextualized-Through-Control-Strain-and-Learning-Theories-LGBT-Novel-Drug-Use.pdf
Study Document
Impact Of Agency Theory
Agency Theory
Agency theory refers to the relationship with the principle and the agent, where the principle delegates its financial decision making to the agent. In most … the agent and principle both have asymmetric interest, causing any one party to suffer at an extreme case.
To remove the problem, the theory states that the goals of managers and the shareholders should be aligned and certain frameworks and practices should be adopted to overlook the … as this relationship is exploited in self-interest. Some have argued that the scandals and agency risk exist primarily due the awareness of this theory which shouldn’t be thought in the first place. This education encourages an agency mindset where the whole firm sometimes act in corrupt and … creating conflicts on critical decision making of the firm.
Just like most other firms, Wells Fargo’s decision making is impacted due to Agency theory in many……
References
References
Demsetz, R. S. (1997). Agency Problems and Risk Taking at Banks.
Heath, J. (n.d.). Uses and Abuses of Agency Theory. Business Ethics Quarterly.
Kuypers, A. (2011). How is dealt with the agency problem and what is the role of the board of directors in it?
Lumen. (n.d.). Agency and Conflicts of Interests. Lumen. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-finance/chapter/agency-and-conflicts-of-interest/
Murray, I. (2016, September ). Wells Fargo and the Principle Agent Problem. Competitive Enterprise Institute.
Palia, D. (2007). “Agency Theory in Banking: An Empirical Analysis of Moral Hazard and the Agency Costs of Equity. Banks and Banks System.
Pennsylvania, W. U. (2017, August 08). Wells Fargo: What It Will Take to Clean Up the Mess. Wharton University of Pensylvannia.
Study Document
General Strain Theory Bullying Childhood Abuse
General Strain Theory
Summary
General strain theory (GST) offers a unique explanation of delinquency and crime, which is in direct contrast to control and learning theories. The differentiation is through … strains have also been shown to cause criminogenic effects.
Cullen et al. (2008) and Watts and McNulty (2013) are both testing general strain theory in their different criminal justice research articles. General strain theory (GST) offers a unique explanation of delinquency and crime, which is in direct contrast to control and learning theories. The differentiation is through … the motivation for delinquency. GST focuses on the negative treatments that an individual experiences from others and it is the only major crime theory that focuses on the role of negative emotions in the etiology of offending (Warner & Fowler, 2003). The experiences of strain tend to … be defined as any relationship of other people that is not consistent with……
References
References
Agnew, R. (2002). Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study on physical victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 19(4), 603-632.
Agnew, R. (2007). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Los Angeles,CA: Roxbury.
Cullen, F. T., Unnever, J. D., Hartman, J. L., Turner, M. G., & Agnew, R. (2008). Gender, bullying victimization, and juvenile delinquency: A test of general strain theory. Victims and Offenders, 3(4), 346-364.
Warner, B. D., & Fowler, S. K. (2003). Strain and violence: Testing a general strain theory model of community violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(6), 511-521.
Watts, S. J., & McNulty, T. L. (2013). Childhood abuse and criminal behavior: Testing a general strain theory model. Journal of interpersonal violence, 28(15), 3023-3040.
Study Document
Agency Theory
Introduction
Agency theory is a theory explicating the relationship between the shareholders, who act as the principals, and the managers, who act as the agents. Within this relationship, the … results of the company (Tearney and Dodd, 2009).
As a result, this could give rise to agency problems for the reason that this theory encompasses the costs incurred in solving conflicts between the company principals and agents and ensuring that the interests of these two parties are … in alignment (Ballwieser et al., 2012).
The purpose of this paper is to carry out an independent review of the literature on agency theory as it applies to decision-making in accounting, describing and explaining three important ways in which agency theory might impact decisions made in a company in relation to the recording and presentation of financial information.
Agency Theory & Decision-Making in Accounting
There are important ways in which agency theory……
References
References
Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M. J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., ... & Gaynor, M. (2012). Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science & Business Media.
Bou?ková, M. (2015). Management accounting and agency theory. Procedia Economics and Finance, 25, 5-13.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of management review, 14(1), 57-74.
Healy, P. M. (2005). Financial Reporting Problems at Molex, Inc.(A). Harvard Business School.
Larcker, D. F., & Tayan, B. (2007). Executive Compensation at Nabors Industries: Too Much, Too Little, or Just Right?. Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University Case Teaching No. CG-05.
Mitnick, B. M. (2015). Agency theory. Wiley encyclopedia of management, 1-6.
Scott, W. R., & O\\\\\\'Brien, P. C. (2003). Financial accounting theory (Vol. 3). Toronto: Prentice Hall.
Tearney, M. G., & Dodd, J. (2009). Accounting theory. H. I. Wolk (Ed.). New York: Sage.
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