Decision Theory Essays (Examples)
Study Document
End Of Life Decision Making Ethics
… comes to end-of-life care and the “do not resuscitate” (DNR) clause are related to the principles of nonmaleficence and autonomy and the ethical theory that is discussed in relation to this issue is deontology, also known as duty ethics.
What is the Ethical Dilemma?
The ethical dilemma ……
References
References
Bronzino, J. D., & Peterson, D. R. (2016). Bene?cence, Nonmale?cence, and Medical Technology. In Tissue Engineering and Artificial Organs (pp. 1259-1266). CRC Press.
Garrido, M. M., Balboni, T. A., Maciejewski, P. K., Bao, Y., & Prigerson, H. G. (2015). Quality of life and cost of care at the end of life: the role of advance directives. Journal of pain and symptom management, 49(5), 828-835.
Karnik, S., & Kanekar, A. (2016). Ethical issues surrounding end-of-life care: a narrative review. In Healthcare (Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 24). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
Marijic, P., Buss, A., & Strupeit, S. (2017). Autonomy and social participation of nursing home residents: nurses’perspectives. Innovation in Aging, 1(Suppl 1), 886.
Plakovic, K. (2016). Burdens Versus Benefits: When Family Has to Decide How Much Is Too Much. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 18(5), 382-387.
Sen, A. (1983). Evaluator relativity and consequential evaluation. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 113-132.
Weissman, D. E. (1999). Do not resuscitate orders: a call for reform. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 2(2), 149-152.
Yuen, J. K., Reid, M. C., & Fetters, M. D. (2011). Hospital do-not-resuscitate orders: why they have failed and how to fix them. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(7), 791-797.
Study Document
C Suite Executive Leadership And Ethics
Beliefs, Practices, Challenges
Persons in positions of leadership inevitably encounter major ethical dilemmas and in fact make ethical decision on a daily basis. Interviews with senior executives can reveal the complexities of ethical decision making at the executive level, as personal morals frequently disconnect from the ethical culture governing the organization or the industry’s regulatory climate (Bailey … personal ethical beliefs clash with the prevailing norms and values in the field. Employee diversity adds to the complications involved in executive ethical decision-making, according to Linden. The predominant ethical challenges usually relate to balancing two equally compelling ethical objectives, or weighing the pros and cons of … to Linden. The predominant ethical challenges usually relate to balancing two equally compelling ethical objectives, or weighing the pros and cons of a decision when there are no clear black-and-white resolutions. No genuine dilemma has a straightforward answer; it is not as if C-suite……
References
References
Bailey, C. & Shantz, A. (2018). Creating an ethically strong organization. MIT Sloan Management Review. http://ilp.mit.edu/media/news_articles/smr/2018/60101.pdf
Crossan, M., Mazutis, D. & Seijts, G. (2013). In search of virtue. Journal of Business Ethics 113(4): 567-581.
Hatcher, T. (2008). The value of values in the C-suite. In Sims, R.R. & Quatro, S.A. (Eds.) Executive Ethics. Charlotte: IAP, pp. 97-122.
Hoekstra, E., Bell, A. & Peterson, S.R. (2008). Humility in Leadership: Abandoning the Pursuit of Unattainable Perfection. In S.A. Quatro & R. R. Sims (Eds.), Executive Ethics: Ethical Dilemmas and Challenges for the C-Suite. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing, pp. 79-96.
MacDougall, A.E., Bagdarasov, Z. & Buckley, M.R. (2008). Applying a primary risk management model to the C-suite. In Sims, R.R. & Quatro, S.A. (Eds.) Executive Ethics. Second Edition. Charlotte: IAP, pp. 211-234.
Martin, R. (2011). The CEO\\\\'s ethical dilemma in the era of earnings management. Strategy & Leadership 39(6): 43-47.
Schwartz, M.S. (2013). Developing and sustaining an ethical corporate culture: The core elements. Business Horizons 56(1): 39-50.
Study Document
Right Of Informed Refusal For Minors
End-of-Life decision Making for Minors When the Minor Should be the decision Maker
Today, the right of adults to refuse medical treatment when they feel it is not in their best interests is universally acknowledged, … particularly contentious because the vast majority of adults in the United States believe that children need and deserve special protections that preclude end-of-life decision. Drawing on a virtue theoretical framework, the purpose of this paper is to examine the arguments in support of and against allow minors … virtue theoretical framework, the purpose of this paper is to examine the arguments in support of and against allow minors to make end-of-life decision for themselves, followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning this issue in the conclusion.
Review and Analysis
On the … and Analysis
On the one hand, there are increasing calls to allow young people to actively participate in……
References
References
Black’s law dictionary. (1990). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
Bryden, J. (2016, February 25). Medical help in dying should be widely available, with few restrictions: Report. The Canadian Press, 6.
Hursthouse, R. & Pettigrove, G. (2018, Winter). Virtue ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/ethics-virtue .
Katz, A. L. & Webb, S. A. (2016, August). Informed consent in decision-making in pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 138(2), 30-37.
Lemmens, C. (2009, September). End- of- life decisions and minors: do minors have the right to refuse life preserving medical treatment? A comparative study. Medical Law Review, 28(3), 479-497.
Physician-assisted suicide. (2019). CNN. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2014/11/26/us/ physician-assisted-suicide-fast-facts/index.html.
Salsberry, P. J. (1999, January 1). Caring, virtue theory, and a foundation for nursing ethics. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 6(2), 155-160.
Williams, Z. (2012, October 25). Early puberty: why are kids growing up faster? The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/oct/25/early-puberty-growing-up-faster .
Study Document
Carl Rogers The Ideal Self And Animal Therapy
… sufficient documentation and peer-reviewed research that shows its effectiveness (Operational Definition for Evidence-Based Practices Addictions and Mental Health Division, 2017).
Programs draw from theory in that the theoretical framework developed by researchers and professionals serve as a set of parameters or guidelines for how to interpret evidence … evidence. Just as a microscope has a lens and a focus so that one can see all the details of the subject, the theory allows the data to be put into perspective, and that perspective is defined by the theory or theories that are used in the research.
In the field of addiction, there are numerous evidence based theories: behavioral theories, pharmacological theories, … the research.
In the field of addiction, there are numerous evidence based theories: behavioral theories, pharmacological theories, psychotherapeutic theories, and so on. Each theory has been tested in research and examined from multiple dimensions. There is not……
References
References
Asen, E. & Fonagy, P (2012) Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice. Washington DC.
Kern-Godal, A., Arnevik, E. A., Walderhaug, E., &Ravndal, E. (2015). Substance use disorder treatment retention and completion: a prospective study of horse-assisted therapy (HAT) for young adults. Addiction science & clinical practice, 10(1), 21.
Rogers, C. (1951). Client-Centered Therapy. MA: Riverside Press. Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology. (2006). American Psychologist, May-June, 271-285.
Muela, A., Balluerka, N., Amiano, N., Caldentey, M. A., &Aliri, J. (2017). Animal-assisted psychotherapy for young people with behavioural problems in residential care. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 24(6), O1485 O1494. doi: http://fir.tesu.edu:2074/10.1002/cpp.2112
Operational Definition for Evidence-Based Practices Addictions and Mental Health Division. (2017). Week 4 material.
Study Document
Healthcare Scientific Merit
… primary care teams. A qualitative study”. This analysis will entail an evaluation of how the research work contributes to scientific knowledge and research theory, its dependability and credibility, approaches to deal with any ethical concerns relating to the research, and how the researchers applied different techniques of … scientific knowledge base
The research work adds to the literature on the subject through examining the issue of patient participation in the health-related decision?making process in the course of primary care team interactions with patients and their informal caregivers within the primary patient care setting. Here, patient … healthcare practitioners to understand them and their needs better, thereby reducing the possibility of challenges cropping up during team interactions.
Contribution to research theory
Researchers, while discussing the research function, suggest a close link between research and theory. To put it more clearly, the original motivation underlying research is a quest for theory.……
References
References
Brook, R. H., & Vaiana, M. E. (2015). Using the knowledge base of health services research to redefine health care systems. Journal of general internal medicine, 30(10), 1547-1556.
Cutcliffe, J. R., & McKenna, H. P. (1999). Establishing the credibility of qualitative research findings: the plot thickens. Journal of advanced nursing, 30(2), 374-380.
Doekhie, K. D., Strating, M. M., Buljac?Samardzic, M., van de Bovenkamp, H. M., & Paauwe, J. (2018). The different perspectives of patients, informal caregivers, and professionals on patient involvement in primary care teams. A qualitative study. Health Expectations, 21(6), 1171-1182.
Eccles, M., Grimshaw, J., Walker, A., Johnston, M., & Pitts, N. (2005). Changing the behavior of healthcare professionals: the use of theory in promoting the uptake of research findings. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 58(2), 107-112.
Leedy, P.D. & Ormrod, J. E. (2019). Practical research: Planning and design, 12th edition. Pearson Education, Hudson Street, NY.
Sanjari, M., Bahramnezhad, F., Fomani, F. K., Shoghi, M., & Cheraghi, M. A. (2014). Ethical challenges of researchers in qualitative studies: The necessity to develop a specific guideline. Journal of medical ethics and history of medicine, 7.
Swan, J., Clarke, A., Nicolini, D., Powell, J., Scarbrough, H., Roginski, C., ... & Taylor-Phillips, S. (2012). Evidence in Management Decisions (EMD): advancing knowledge utilization in healthcare management.
Thomas, D. R. (2017). Feedback from research participants: are member checks useful in qualitative research?. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 14(1), 23-41.
Study Document
Legal And Ethical Issues In Healthcare
Legal and Ethical Issues in Healthcare
Healthcare ethics have to do with the wide range of moral decision that have to be made in medical practice. These are the other considerations that have to be made besides the regular policies and … understood, healthcare quality as it is received and practiced should be improved qualitatively (Taylor, 2015).
There is a need to make an ethical decision whenever a healthcare expert meets a situation where there is a competition between values or uncertainty. These dilemmas could arise at personal, professional, … patients, acquisitions and mergers, value-based care, affordability, and financial constraints all converge to make the situation baffling when one has to make hard decision close to the end of life. The healthcare administrators and executives need to address the wide range of ethical dilemmas that practitioners face … it can be an accepted tool to help healthcare executives deal with……
References
References
Chen, Y. Y., Chu, T. S., Kao, Y. H., Tsai, P. R., Huang, T. S., &Ko, W. J. (2014). To evaluate the effectiveness of health care ethics consultation based on the goals of health care ethics consultation: a prospective cohort study with randomization. BMC medical ethics, 15(1), 1.
Morrison, E. E. (2011). Ethics in health administration: a practical approach for decision-makers. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Nora, C. R. D., Deodato, S., Vieira, M. M. D. S., &Zoboli, E. L. C. P. (2016). Elements and strategies for ethical decision-making in nursing. Texto&Contexto-Enfermagem, 25(2).
Reddy, M. S., &Mythri, S. V. (2016). Health-care Ethics and the Free Market Value System. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 38(5), 371–375. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.191387
Taylor, S. C. (2015). Health Care Ethics. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from https://www.iep.utm.edu/h-c-ethi/#H2
Yip, C., Han, N. R., &Sng, B. L. (2016). Legal and ethical issues in research. Indian Journal of anesthesia, 60(9), 684–688. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.190627
Webster, G., Bayliss, F., Rubin, S., &Zoloth, L. (2000). Moral Residue. Margin of Error: The Ethics of Mistakes in the Practice of Medicine. Hagerstown, MD: University Publishing Group.
Study Document
Capital Structure Analysis
Introduction
Corporate finance focuses on financial decision made by financial managers. Financial decision is broadly categorized into two: financing decision and investment decision (Renzetti, 2001). Investment decision determines the composition of assets held by a firm while financing decision focuses on the optimal mix of debts and equity (capital structure). An optimal capital structure can be defined as a combination of equity … by the assets, discounted at the company’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Generally, the determination of optimal capital structure is a complex decision process involving calculations of various debt-equity ratio. In this paper, the capital structure of Afterpay Touch Group Limited (ATP), FlexiGroup Limited (FXL), and … 61% and 89%, respectively).
Optimal Capital Structure Theories
There are four capital structure theories that have been developed to date: 1) the trade-off theory, 2) the pecking order theory, 3) the signaling theory, and 4) the managerial opportunism theory……
References
References
Estimating a synthetic rating and cost of debt. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Page/valquestions/syntrating.htm
Fenebris.com. (2019, August 18). AU. Retrieved from http://www.market-risk-premia.com/au.htmlm
Intelligent Investor. (n.d.). FlexiGroup Limited. Retrieved from https://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/shares/asx-fxl/flexigroup-limited/financials IntelligentInvestor.com. (n.d.). Afterpay Touch Group Limited. Retrieved from https://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/shares/asx-apt/afterpay-touch-group-limited/financials
Yahoo Finance. (n.d.). FLEXIGROUP FPO (FXL.AX) Balance Sheet. Retrieved from https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/FXL.AX/balance-sheet?p=FXL.AXhttps://finance.yahoo.com/quote/FXL.AX/balance-sheet?p=FXL.AX
Study Document
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interrelationships Between Organizational
… 2008). One of the key advantages of espousing a functional structure includes clear and well outlined lines of authority, which include the fundamental decision-makers in every department responsible for setting the general mission and tasks. In addition, there is the advantage that this functional structure permits every … evaluating the strategic objectives and environmental demands of the organization, and thereafter, ascertaining the suitable organizational structure (Cichoki and Irwin, 2014). The…[break]…kind of decision making that is done:
Source: Shellar (2018)
As aforementioned, Air India Ltd. was established under the Companies Act 1956 on 30 March 2007 … its subsidiary Air-India Express and Indian Airlines, together with its subsidiary Alliance Air (Civil Aviation, 2019). Being owned by the government, the ultimate decision making undertaken by Air India is not only formalized but also centralized and the highest level of management reports to the Ministry of ……
References
References
Air India. (2019). Board of Directors. Retrieved from: http://www.airindia.in/board-of-directors.htm
Aquinas, P. G. (2008). Organization structure and design. India: Excel Books India.
Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. (2005). Mechanistic and organic systems. Organizational Behavior, 2, 214-25.
Choo, S., & Bowley, C. (2007). Emerald Article: Using training and development to affect job satisfaction. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(2),339 - 352.
Cichocki, P., & Irwin, C. (2014). Organization design: A guide to building effective organizations. Kogan Page Publishers.
Civil Aviation. (2019). About Us: Organizational Setup. Retrieved from: http://www.civilaviation.gov.in/en/aboutus/orgsetup
Cunliffe, A. L. (2008). Organization theory. New York: Sage.
Cunliffe, A. L., & Luhman, J. T. (2012). Key concepts in organization theory. New York: Sage.
Study Document
COVID 19 In South Africa Nigeria And Swaziland
Literature Review on Coping Through The Use Of Informal Institutions during COVID 19 in South Africa, Nigeria, and Swaziland
The institutional theory deals with the outlines, regulations, standards, and procedures that are formulated in the institutions as commanding instructions for social behavior. This theory gives an understanding of how institutions are shaped, and the societal norms and frameworks are informed to all people of an organization. Communication … but is still followed as acceptable social behavior.
Studies have been conducted to see what drives change in an organization and how institutional theory comes into play. There are certain actions carried out in an organization when change happens, and that is evident on all levels and … Goodstein & Scott, 2002). The character of the organization changes over time with a change in its potency, and this is where institutional theory highlights the richness and diversity inside the processes. The same……
References
References
Coelho, A. (2019). The role of informal institutions in the enforcement of rules and how to improve corporate and public governance in Brazil: Studies based on a set of corporate governance cases involving state-owned companies (Working Paper). Retrieved from SSRN website https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3434037
Dacin, M.T., Goodstein, J. & Scott, W.R. (2002). Institutional theory and institutional change: Introduction to the special research forum. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 45- 47. DOI: 10.2307/3069284
Escandon-Barbosa, D.M., Urbano, D., Hurtado-Ayala, A., Paramo, J.S. & Dominguez, A.Z. (2019). Formal institutions, informal institutions, and entrepreneurial activity: A comparative relationship between rural and urban areas in Colombia. Journal of Urban Management, 8(3), 458-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2019.06.002
Estrin, S. & Prevezer, M. (2010). The role of informal institutions in corporate governance: Brazil, Russia, India, and China compared. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28, 41- 67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-010-9229-1
Kaufmann, W., Hooghiemstra, R. & Feeney, M.K. (2018). Formal institutions, informal institutions, and red tape: A comparative study. Public Administration, 96(2), 386-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12397
Meluch, A.L. (2016, August). Understanding the organizational and institutional origins of social support in a cancer support center. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=kent1466944822&disposition=inline
Torniainen, T.J. & Sasstamoinen, O.J. (2007). Formal and informal institutions and their hierarchy in the regulation of the forest lease in Russia. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 80(5), 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpm033
Study Document
Cyber Espionage
… complex international problem in the modern world. Cyber espionage is largely viewed as a new intelligence gathering approach and strategy for national security decision. However, cyber espionage remains a form of cyberattack, which is legally and ethically unacceptable.
Research Question
How is cyber espionage an acceptable state … gathering. [31: Michael Connell & Sarah Vogler, “Russia’s Approach to Cyber Warfare”, CNA Analysis and Solutions, 2017. https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/DOP-2016-U-014231-1Rev.pdf]
Probable Errors in Analysis or decision-making
As shown in the analysis, existing data provides explanations for the acceptability of cyber espionage as a state behavior based on three major … countermeasures. While these themes help to answer the research question, the employed research methodology and design could have included errors in analysis or decision-making. The qualitative case study design could result in errors in analysis or decision-making since it is based on secondary data. The lack of empirical research and primary data implies……
References
Bibliography
Ablon, L. “Data Thieves: The Motivations of Cyber Threat Actors and Their Use and Monetization of Stolen Data.” RAND Corporation, March 2018. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT400/CT490/RAND_CT490.pdf
Agarwal A. & CERT-IN. “Cyber Espionage, Infiltration and Combating Techniques.” Indian Computer Emergency Response Team, 2013. https://www.cert-in.org.in/Downloader?pageid=5&type=2&fileName=CIPS-2013-0128.pdf
Banks, W.C. “Cyber Espionage and Electronic Surveillance: Beyond the Media Coverage.” Emory law Journal 66, (2017).
Baxter, P. & Jack, S. “Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers.” The Qualitative Report 13, no. 4 (2008).
Brown, G. “Spying and Fighting in Cyberspace: What is Which?” Journal of National Security Law & Policy 8, (2017).
Connell, M. & Vogler, S. “Russia’s Approach to Cyber Warfare.” CNA Analysis and Solutions, 2017. https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/DOP-2016-U-014231-1Rev.pdf
Creswell, J.W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Diplomacy Data. “Cyber Security and Cyber Espionage in International Relations.” Diplomacy Data, 2015. http://diplomacydata.com/cyber-security-and-cyber-espionage-in-international-relations/
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