Market Risk Essays (Examples)
Study Document
Shareholder Vs Stakeholder Theory
… buybacks were still illegal. It was not until 1982 that the rule regarding public companies buying back their own shares on the public market was changed and the activity was permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (Reda, 2018). That is significant because Friedman qualified his … deception or fraud.” The reason corporate share buybacks were illegal prior to 1982 was precisely because it was viewed as a form of market manipulation—corporations propping up the share price for shareholders and not allowing true price discovery to be allowed by the market (Reda, 2018).
Now that companies can purchase their own shares on the market, one can see what the effect has been: currently the stock market is in the longest bull run in equities history (Chen, 2019). During that time, P/E ratios have soared far higher than their historic … because they themselves have boatloads of shares that……
References
References
Augustine. (n.d.). Commentaries on Sermon on the Mount. http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/16011.htm
Chen, J. (2019). Market Milestones as the Bull Market Turns 10. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/market-milestones-as-the-bull-market-turns-10-4588903
Egan, M. (2018). Tax cut triggers $437 billion explosion of stock buybacks. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2018/07/10/investing/stock-buybacks-record-tax-cuts/index.html
Henrich, S. (2019). Unholy alliance. Retrieved from https://northmantrader.com/2019/11/30/unholy-alliance/
Laux, C., & Leuz, C. (2010). Did fair-value accounting contribute to the financial crisis?. Journal of economic perspectives, 24(1), 93-118.
Light, L. (2019). More than Half of All Stock Buybacks are Now Financed by Debt. Here’s Why That’s a Problem. Retrieved from https://fortune.com/2019/08/20/stock-buybacks-debt-financed/
Mullen, C. (2019). People want to buy \\\\\\'local\\\\\\' food, but they\\\\\\'re not sure what it means. Retrieved from https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2019/05/people-want-to-buy-local-food-but-theyre-not-sure.html?page=all
Putka, G. (2019). Insiders are selling. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/company-insiders-are-selling-stock-during-buyback-programs-and-making-additional-profits-when-stock-prices-jump-and-its-legal/2019/11/06/fc592f58-e493-11e9-a331-2df12d56a80b_story.html
Study Document
US Healthcare Reimbursement And Insurance Issues
… constitutes one means by which individuals in different nations pay for their healthcare needs. When individuals hailing from poor backgrounds without any financial risk protection get sick or injured, they encounter the following difficulty: they may either make use of healthcare services, further impoverishing themselves by financing … difficulty: they may either make use of healthcare services, further impoverishing themselves by financing these services, or may forego treatment, stay sick/injured, and risk not being able to function properly or go to work. Regardless of the differences in funding and corporate structures in different nations, high-income … if one gets services outside member organizations or network (Araujo, 2020).
Role of Health Care Providers, Insurers and Integrated Delivery Systems
Healthcare insurers’ market power is leveraged to obtain price discounts from healthcare organizations and systems or providers or for screening out costly providers from the networks. … leverage about insurers. For instance,……
References
References
Araujo, M. (2020). Health and medical insurance differences: HMO, PPO, POS, EPO. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/health-and-medical-insurance-2645378
Bertram, M. Y., Lauer, J. A., De Joncheere, K. D., Edejer, T., Hutubessy, R., Kieny, M. P., & Hill, S. R. (2016). Cost-effectiveness thresholds: pros and cons. Bull World Health Organ, 94, 925–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.164418926
Dey, P., & Bach, P. B. (2019). The 6 functions of health insurance. The JAMA Forum, 321(13), 1242-1243. DOI:10.1001/jama.2019.2320
Ho, A. (2015). Health insurance. Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298022702_Health_Insurance
IMedPub. (2020). Health insurance. Retrieved from https://www.imedpub.com/scholarly/health-insurance-journals-articles-ppts-list.php
Maruthappu, M., Hasan, A., & Zeltner, T. (2016). Enablers and barriers in implementing integrated care. Health System & Reform, 1(4), 250-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2015.1077301
Sekhri, N. (2000). Managed care: The US experience. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78(6), 830-844. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/78(6)830.pdf
Strata Decision Technology. (2020). Healthcare and hospital capital budget. Retrieved from https://www.stratadecision.com/healthcare-and-hospital-capital-budget/
Study Document
Online Auctions For Fund Raising By Non Profit Organizations
…
Background
Its origin dating back to Babylon in 500 BC auctions account as one of the oldest forms of price determination mechanism in the market. Auction is negotiation protocols that entail simultaneous bidding with the price determined bidders and products or services allocated based on competition amongst potential … services allocated based on competition amongst potential buyers (McAfee, 2017).
Classifications of Auctions
There are four major classifications of auctions formats in the market based on the information asymmetry and the flow of prices. The auction types include English Auction, Dutch Auctions, sealed-bid first-price auctions, and Vickrey … set optimum prices based on the forces of demand. Surge pricing entails a temporary increase in price above the regular price when the market is experiencing high demand. The rationale for surge pricing is the continued supply of a product or service when the market is experiencing unprecedented high demand. Lower willingness to……
References
References
Cachon, G. P., Daniels, K., & Lobel, R. (2015). The Role of Surge Pricing on a Service Platform with Self-Scheduling Capacity. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2698192
Connelly, A., & Winter, M. (2003). Going...Going...Gone!: Successful Auctions for Non-Profit Institutions (Second). Target Funding Group, Inc. All.
Fasli, M., Co, C., & Co, C. (2014). Designing and Implementing E-market Games. Designing and Implementing e-Market Games. January 2005.
Forbes Magazine. (2019). The 100 Largest U.S. Charities. Forbes Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_75918
Hasker, K., & Sickles, R. (2010). eBay in the Economic Literature: Analysis of an Auction Marketplace. Review of Industrial Organization, 37(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-010-9257-5
Kingston, K. (2015). A Higher Bid: How to Transform Special Event with Strategic Benefit Auctions. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Klemperer, P. (2004). Auctions: Theory and Practice. In Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839107429.00004
McAfee, P. (2017). The Ideal Auction - Numberphile. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kWuxfVbIaU
Study Document
How Interest Rates Compare Over The Last Decade Within The United
… used in almost every industry, country, and geography. Interest rates can also influence corporate and consumer behaviors. For example, depending on the inherent risk of a consumer, credit card rates determine how much an individual must pay on a month basis to the financial institution. Corporations looking … determine how much an individual must pay on a month basis to the financial institution. Corporations looking to borrow funds to expand their market share must consider the variable interest rates being changed and their ability to service the debt. Even governments must be mindful of the ……
References
References
1. Goodhard, C and E Perotti, 2008 “Maturity mismatch stretching: Banking has taken a wrong turn”, CEPR Policy Insight 81, 6-July
2. Holston, Laubach, and Williams. 2017. “Measuring the Natural Rate of Interest: International Trends and Determinants,” Journal of International Economics 108, supplement 1 (May): S39–S75
3. Laubach and Williams. 2003. “Measuring the Natural Rate of Interest,” Review of Economics and Statistics 85, no.4 (November): 1063-70.
4. Rachel, L. and Smith, T.D., 2017. Are low real interest rates here to stay?. International Journal of Central Banking, 13(3), pp.1-42.
5. Schularick, M, and A M Taylor, (2009), “Credit Booms Gone Bust: Monetary Policy, Leverage Cycles and Financial Crises, 1870-2008”, NBER DP 15512
6. Stock, J.H. and Watson, M.W., 2007. Why has US inflation become harder to forecast?. Journal of Money, Credit and banking, 39, pp.3-33
Study Document
Coronavirus COVID 19 In The United States
… cases of COVID-19 were observed in Wuhan, China, the current belief is that the animal-to-human transmission of the disease occurred in a “wet market” in Wuhan, China. Wet market sell both live and dead animals for human consumption. While that idea may sound exotic to people who are used to purchasing dead … While that idea may sound exotic to people who are used to purchasing dead and butchered meat for consumption, foods at a wet market include traditionally consumed animals like fish and poultry, as well as some more exotic food. Wet market are more likely to be a source of disease transmission than some other types of market because the presence of live animals makes them more difficult to keep clean; they are also usually very crowded.
Some scientists believe that … usually very crowded.
Some scientists believe that COVID-19 originated in bats. This has led some……
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Key Facts.” CDC. 12 March 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/share-facts.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fabout%2Fshare-facts.html . Accessed 16 March 2020.
Newey, S. and Gulland, A. “What Is Coronavirus, How Did It Start and Could the Outbreak Grow Bigger?” The Telegraph. 16 March 2020. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/16/what-coronavirus-how-start-outbreak-pandemic-covid-19/ . Accessed 16 March 2020.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Frequently Asked Questions.” FDA. 2020. https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-frequently-asked-questions . Accessed 16 March 2020.
World Health Organization. “Coronavirus.” WHO. 2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus . Accessed 16 March 2020.
Study Document
Papa Johns Strategic Analysis
… exists in a state of monopolistic competition, so brand can be one of the more reliable differentiators to combat hard economic times. This market structure means that the quality of the food, the service, and the overall brand value are the key means of differentiating from competitors. … one of these dimensions, if not more, and firms that fail seem to struggle with each. This industry structure, especially in a mature market, is not conducive to weakness.
The industry is also impacted by social forces such as trends towards healthier eating, gluten-free eating, online ordering … behavior.
The current corporate level strategy is a bit muddy. While the chain originally focused on quality,…[break]…quality, with a differentiated offering in the market. Pizza is a highly competitive business, and margins are certainly slim, so there is a risk that the company cannot do this profitably, but Papa John’s needs to define……
References
References
Halzack, S. (2018) Papa John’s just went from bad to worse. BNN Bloomberg. Retrieved April 7, 2019 from https://www.bnnbloomberg.com/papa-john-s-just-went-from-bad-to-worse-1.1120265
IBIS World (2019) Pizza restaurants industry in the US. IBIS World. Retrieved April 7, 2019 from https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-trends/specialized-market-research-reports/consumer-goods-services/food-service-drinking-places/pizza-restaurants.html
Kenton, W. (2019) Porter’s 5 forces. Investopedia. Retrieved April 7, 2019 from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/porter.asp
McCormick, M. (2018) Key success factors in a pizza business. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 7, 2019 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/key-success-factors-pizza-business-2788.html
Navellier, L. (2009) Papa John’s – how to beat the recession with pizza. NASDAQ. Retrieved April 7, 2019 from https://www.nasdaq.com/personal-finance/papa-johns-PZZA.stm
Papa John’s Form 10-K 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2019 from https://ir.papajohns.com/static-files/2977c391-0218-4bac-8eb2-dcabd4561cfe
Papa John’s website, various pages. (2019) Retrieved April 7, 2019 from https://www.papajohns.com/company/about-papa-johns.html
QSR (2018) The QSR Top 50. QSR Magazine. Retrieved April 7, 2019 from https://www.qsrmagazine.com/content/qsr50-2018-top-50-chart
Study Document
Twitter External Internal Analysis Report To CEO
… order to encourage freedom of expression and make it more comprehensive and relevant. (C-141)
1.4.2. Verification badge placed on accounts that are at risk of impersonification to indicate legitimacy. (C-141)
1.4.3. Social media platforms have implemented features such as broadcasting live videos, photo attachments to increase engagement. … fact, Senator Mark Warner of the Intelligence Committee asked Twitter to disclose any data sharing agreements they have with Chinese companies (C-148)
1.6.3. risk associated with impersonation, offensive, malicious posts/users. (C-141 & C-147)
1.7 Conclusions
Political: U.S. President Donald Trump has help boost Twitter popularity.
Economic: Twitter … help boost Twitter popularity.
Economic: Twitter is a global brand. The blue bird alone communicate twitter worldwide.
Social: Twitter accounts that are at risk of impersonification have a verification badge.
Technological: Internet access is readily available in most parts of the world. So, the number of social … users to instantly share real-time……
References
References
Thompson, Arthur A.,. (2015). Crafting and Executing Strategy: Concepts and Readings..New York: McGraw-Hill Education, (pp. 138-148)
Study Document
The Future Of Corporate
… variable that corporate financial managers should be preparing for in the next 5 to 10 years is the interest rate. If rates rise, market are going to turn downward quickly. Low rates makes it easier to borrow, easier for companies to issue cheap debt, and easier for … expensive and if the economy is carrying too much debt and individuals and companies are over-leveraged a serious crisis could occur in the market. The downside to keeping interest rates low is that it encourages risk borrowing and investment in risk assets like equities. If people cannot earn a decent return on investment by putting their money in savings, they will put their money … and yet they continue to rise because rates continue to fall and the Federal Reserve also continues to pump new money into the market, which causes inflation. As the value of the dollar declines, investors seek……
References
References
Hall, M. (2019). How do interest rates affect the stock market? Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/investing/how-interest-rates-affect-stock-market/
Study Document
The Time Value Of Money
… to think about alternative investments that keep track with the rate of inflation—assets such as precious metals or real estate. There are also risk assets, such as equities. Even still no investment is risk free and bubbles blown today in market can pop tomorrow. This happened in the gold market a few years ago. The equities market have yet to pop in any meaningful way, but that does not mean they won’t. And real estate values plummeted in 2008 when … the housing bubble popped. In short, cash may lose value of time—but other assets can lose value quickly and all at once in market downturns.
For this reason, diversifying one’s investments are necessary. As Northwood and Rhine (2018) point out, “having access to mainstream financial services can … irrational when it comes to making investment decisions. Scarcity and liquidity are issues that should be discussed with families so……
References
References
Cook, L. A., & Sadeghein, R. (2018). Effects of perceived scarcity on financial decision making. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 37(1), 68-87.
Northwood, J. M., & Rhine, S. L. (2018). Use of bank and nonbank financial services: Financial decision making by immigrants and native born. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 52(2), 317-348.
Valaskova, K., Bartosova, V., & Kubala, P. (2019). Behavioural Aspects of the Financial Decision-Making. Organizacija, 52(1).
Study Document
COVID 19 In South Africa Nigeria And Swaziland
...Market risk Literature Review on Coping Through The Use Of Informal Institutions during COVID 19 in South Africa, Nigeria, and Swaziland
The institutional theory deals with the outlines, regulations, standards, and procedures that are formulated in the institutions as commanding instructions for social behavior. This theory gives an understanding of how institutions are shaped, and the societal norms and frameworks are informed to all people of an organization. Communication is the sole indicator of how organizations are formulated with the help of formal rules and regulations, as that would reflect how they are conversed across all levels of the firm and in what way people are obeying them. This would ultimately build an organizational culture for coping with social and political issues. The informal institutions are socially shared instructions, typically unwritten, that are formed, transferred and imposed outside the official boundaries (Torniainen & Sasstamoinen, 2007), for example, giving tips to the food……
References
References
Coelho, A. (2019). The role of informal institutions in the enforcement of rules and how to improve corporate and public governance in Brazil: Studies based on a set of corporate governance cases involving state-owned companies (Working Paper). Retrieved from SSRN website https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3434037
Dacin, M.T., Goodstein, J. & Scott, W.R. (2002). Institutional theory and institutional change: Introduction to the special research forum. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 45- 47. DOI: 10.2307/3069284
Escandon-Barbosa, D.M., Urbano, D., Hurtado-Ayala, A., Paramo, J.S. & Dominguez, A.Z. (2019). Formal institutions, informal institutions, and entrepreneurial activity: A comparative relationship between rural and urban areas in Colombia. Journal of Urban Management, 8(3), 458-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2019.06.002
Estrin, S. & Prevezer, M. (2010). The role of informal institutions in corporate governance: Brazil, Russia, India, and China compared. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28, 41- 67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-010-9229-1
Kaufmann, W., Hooghiemstra, R. & Feeney, M.K. (2018). Formal institutions, informal institutions, and red tape: A comparative study. Public Administration, 96(2), 386-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12397
Meluch, A.L. (2016, August). Understanding the organizational and institutional origins of social support in a cancer support center. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=kent1466944822&disposition=inline
Torniainen, T.J. & Sasstamoinen, O.J. (2007). Formal and informal institutions and their hierarchy in the regulation of the forest lease in Russia. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 80(5), 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpm033
Improve your studying and writing skills
We have over 150,000+ study documents to help you.
Sign Up for FREE
