Immune System Essays (Examples)
Study Document
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
...Immune system Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health problem across the globe as it contributes to nearly 1 million deaths annually. It is an infection that basically attacks the liver and has the potential to generate acute and chronic diseases. This communicable disease is mostly transmitted from mother to child during birth. Additionally, HBV is transmitted through contact with body fluids like blood. Since it is a life-threatening condition, the viral infection has received considerable attention in the healthcare sector. Healthcare professionals and other relevant stakeholders have developed various initiatives to help lessen the prevalence of this infection and mitigate its impacts worldwide. This paper analyzes this communicable disease, determinants of health relating to its development, epidemiological triad, and role of the nurse practitioner in the management of the infectious disease.
Analysis of the Communicable Disease
The World Health Organization (2019) defines hepatitis B virus as a……
References
References
American Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2019, January 28). Nurse Practitioner Role Grows to More Than 270,000. Retrieved July 23, 2020, from https://www.aanp.org/news-feed/nurse-practitioner-role-continues-to-grow-to-meet-primary-care-provider-shortages-and-patient-demands
Greene, K.M., Duffus, W.A., Xing, J., & King, H. (2017). Social Determinants of Health Associated with HBV Testing and Access to Care among Foreign-born Persons Residing in the United States: 2009-2012. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 10(2), 1-20.
Healthy People. (2020). Determinants of Health. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health-measures/Determinants-of-Health
Kim, H. & Kim, W.R. (2018, August 22). Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. Clinical Liver Disease, 12(1), 1-4.
Kim, W.R. (2012, March 1). Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in the United States. Hepatology, 49(5), S28-S34.
MacLachlan, J.H. & Cowie, B.C. (2015, May). Hepatitis B Virus Epidemiology. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 5(5). doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021410
World Health Organization. (2019, July 18). Hepatitis B. Retrieved July 23, 2020, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b
Zhang, Z., Wang, C., Liu, Z., Zou, G., Li, J. & Lu, M. (2019, August 13). Host Genetic Determinants of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Frontiers in Genetics, 10(696),1-24.
Study Document
Aging Workforce
…
· Affective changes
· Personality
· Motivation
In the physical changes category, workers are likely to experience sensory, muscular and aerobic obstacles. Their immune system is not going to be as strong as a younger person, and they are less likely to be resilient to changes in the ……
References
References
Burtless, G., & Quinn, J. F. (2002). Is working longer the answer for an aging workforce? Working Papers in Economics, 82.
Ciutiene, R., & Railaite, R. (2015). Age management as a means of reducing the challenges of workforce aging. Engineering Economics, 26(4), 391-397.
Heggeness, M. L., Carter-Johnson, F., Schaffer, W. T., & Rockey, S. J. (2016). Policy implications of aging in the NIH-funded workforce. Cell Stem Cell, 19(1), 15-18.
Koh, T. Y., Rowlinson, S., & Pollock, S. (2019). Dealing with Ageing Workforce in the Hong Kong Construction Industry: an Initial Exploration. Proceedings of the Creative Construction Conference (2019) 091
Lassila, S. (2019). Managing Risks of an Aging Workforce. Construction Executive, 2020. Retrieved from https://constructionexec.com/article/managing-risks-of-an-aging-workforce
Perry, L. S. (2010). Designing the workplace for the aging workforce. White paper, Zurich in North America, Retrieved December, 20, 2010.
Schwartz, J., Monahan, K., Hatfield, S. & Anderson, S. (2018). No time to retire redesigning work for our aging workforce. Deloitte.
Streb, C. K., Voelpel, S. C., & Leibold, M. (2008). Managing the aging workforce:: Status quo and implications for the advancement of theory and practice. European management journal, 26(1), 1-10.
Study Document
Arguments To Vaccinate Or To Not Vaccinate
...Immune system To vaccinate or to not?
In summary, the article takes into consideration the consequences that would come about if a parent would make the decision not to vaccinate his or her child. Significantly, the article provides a supposed instance whereby a child that is not vaccinated ends up infecting another child. The comprehension of epidemiological illnesses like measles makes it possible that a persuasive causal association can be created between the decision not to carry out vaccination, and a letdown of not undertaking suitable precautions to isolate a non-vaccinated child who might have been exposed to the illness from highly susceptible persons, and a demise. In a nutshell, the main argument made by the article is that regardless of whether a parent chooses not to vaccinate a child based on exemptions provided by state law, such a decision does not generate full safeguard against liability for the adverse ramifications of……
References
References
Caplan, A. L., Hoke, D., Diamond, N. J., & Karshenboyem, V. (2012). Free to choose but liable for the consequences: should non-vaccinators be penalized for the harm they do? The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 40(3), 606-611.
National Conference of State Legislatures. (2020). States With Religious and Philosophical Exemptions From School Immunization Requirements. Retrieved from: https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx
Nelson, K. E., & Williams, C. M. (Eds.). (2014). Infectious disease epidemiology: theory and practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Study Document
Organ Transplantation Argumentative
… on a dog by Emerich Ullmann (Barker and Markmann 73). After much research and consideration, a 3-step strategy was devised, weakening the recipient’s immune system, infusing the donor bone marrow, and then the organ transplantation is done (Starzl 6). Immunosuppression drugs were introduced to prevent organ rejection in ……
References
Work Cited
Barker, Clyde F, and James F Markmann. \\\\\\"Historical Overviewed of Transplantation.\\\\\\" Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine 3.4 (2013):
Benefits are a few for Kidney Sellers. (2002, December). USA Today Magazine, p. 10. Academic Search Premier.
County, B. (2015, April 8). 5 benefits of organ donations. Florida Today.
Ehtiush, E. (2011) Ethical controversies in organ transplantation. Understanding the Complexities of Kidney Transplantation. Retrieved April 16, 2020 from https://www.intechopen.com/books/understanding-the-complexities-of-kidney-transplantation/ethical-controversies-in-organ-transplantation
Grinyó, Josep M. \\\\\\"Why Is Organ Transplantation Clinically Important?\\\\\\" Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine 3.6 (2013)
Hughes, N. S. (2003, March). Human Kidneys: The New Cash Crop. New Internationalist. Academic Search Premier.
Hvidt, Niels Christian, et al. \\\\\\"For and against Organ Donation and Transplantation: Intricate Facilitators and Barriers in Organ Donation Perceived by German Nurses and Doctors.\\\\\\" Journal of transplantation 2016 (2016).
Radcliffe, J. (2012). Debating the ethics of organ transplantation. In The Ethics of Transplants. Oxford University Press.
Study Document
Infectious Disease Mononucleosis
...Immune system At present, the symptoms presented by the student are consistent with infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This includes symptoms that appear to mimic those of the flu. In addition to a sore throat, the patient complains of aching joints and fatigue. It should be noted that an elevated temperature and swollen lymph nodes were revealed following an initial examination by the FNP. The lab results were, however, unremarkable and a Monospot test turned out to be negative. It is important to note that “because peak heterophile antibody levels are seen between 2 to 6 weeks from infection, testing too early in the disease process may lead to increased rates of false negative testing” (Stuempfig and Seroy, 2019). In the case study, we are told that the patient in question has been having “flu-like” symptoms for the last one week. Therefore, the Monospot test in this case could……
References
References
Balfour, H.H., Dunmire, S.K. & Hogguist, K.A. (2015). Infectious Mononucleosis. Clin Transl Immunology, 4(2), 33-39.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC (2018). About Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-ebv.html
Dunmire, S.K., Hugguist, K.A. & Balfour, H.H. (2015). Infectious Mononucleosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 390, 211-240.
Stuempfig, N.D. & Seroy, J. (2019). Monospot Test. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539739
Study Document
Combating The Zika Virus
...Immune system Current Issues with Communicable Diseases
Part 1 Whooping Cough is a disease that doctors may no longer recognize because it has become so rare. Alarms went off in California in the autumn of 2011 when nine infants died from the disease. There have been outbreaks of other preventable diseases such as a 2013 mumps outbreak in Monmouth County New Jersey, and a 2015 measles outbreak at Disneyland in California. In 275 words, please discuss a recent outbreak. Include two scholarly references (using APA formatting and style) to guide your discussion. No abstract
In January 2018, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) announced that an outbreak of measles in Serbia had occurred and issued a warning for Americans contemplating travel there (Measles in Serbia, 2018). The CDC adds that measles is a caused by a highly contagious airborne virus that can result in complications including pneumonia and death (Measles in……
References
References
Areas at risk of Zika. (2018). U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved from https://www. cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html.
Clinical evaluation and disease. (2018). U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/preparing-for-zika/clinicalevaluationdisease.html .
Introduction to epidemiology. (2018). U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html .
Jakab, Z. (2018, August 22). Measles cases hit record high in Europe: WHO rash of 41,000 measles cases in Europe this year alone. Cape Times, 2.
Measles in Serbia. (2018). U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved from https://wwwnc. cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/measles-serbia.
Takia, A. & Wichmann, O. (2014, October). Measles incidence and reporting trends in Germany, 2007-2011. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92(10), 742-746.
Tomášková, H. & Zelená, H. (2018, March). Serological survey of measles immunity in the Czech Republic, 2013. Central European Journal of Public Health, 26(1), 22.
What you need to know. (2018). U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved from https://www. cdc.gov/zika/about/needtoknow.html.
Study Document
Abdominal Pain
...Immune system Severe abdominal pain with bloody diarrhea at a frequency of twenty times per day can be a sign of a serious condition. In fact, the healthcare team should treat the issue as a medical emergency given the possibility of a life-threatening illness (Holtz, Neill & Tarr, 2009). Immediately I would question the patient regarding her medical and family history, including questions related to whether or not this was the first time she has experienced these symptoms. I would also inquire about the patient’s recent travels because it is possible the symptoms point to an infectious disease or a food-borne illness. Whatever the situation, the patient must first replenish the depleted fluids and electrolytes immediately during the administration of diagnostic procedures and patient monitoring. Also, it would be important to find out if the patient is on any medications including antibiotics, and whether or not she was pregnant. Some medications can……
References
References
Holtz, L.R., Neill, M.A. & Tarr, P.I. (2009). Acute bloody diarrhea. Gastroenterology 2009(136). Retrieved from: https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(09)00344-8/pdf
LaRocque, R. & Harris, J.B. (2019). Patient education: acute diarrhea in adults. Up To Date. Retrieved from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-adults-beyond-the-basics
Larsen, C.M., Nakamura, K.M. & Bhagra, A. (2012). 34-year old woman with abdonaml pain and blood-streaked diarrhea. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 87(9): 905-908.
Study Document
Individuals Using Customary Practices In Times Of Crises
… responses to them using case studies from Bangladesh, Kenya, Nepal, the Phillipines, and Saipan. The premise behind this paper is that early warning system (EWSs) often fail in countries where social and cultural determinants prevail and because disaster risk reduction institutions (DRRs) misunderstsood how people perceive risks … were warned to prepare for earthquakes, floods, and volcanis eruptions. The authors provide evidence of 2 determinants limited the success of early warning system: social and cultural. In Keyna, the EWS was said to fail because of social determinants because people mistrust authorities and there were problems … unreliable and primitive. What is, however, surprising is that the authors of the present article observe that both contemporary and customary disaster management system have not also been fully embraced or appreciated. There appears to be a system failure in this particular region in as far as a disaster and crisis management ideals,……
References
Roberts. A.R. (Ed.). (2005). Crisis Intervention Handbook: Assessment, Treatment, and Research (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Sama’ila, A. (2019). Economic crisis and the coping strategies of indigenous automobile entrepreneurs in northern Nigeria, 1983-2014. Sociology International Journal, 3(6), 437-442.
Study Document
Domestic Extremism And Terrorism
… and diverge from the extremist groups that purport to project them.
Review of the Literature
One of the problems of today’s American socio-political system is that it is a two-party system in which all of society is essentially forced to choose sides—Right or Left. This binary way of thinking and of approaching society creates … and of approaching society creates dichotomies that can become reactionary and polarizing instead of understanding and collaborative. Drutman (2019) notes that today’s political system reflects “a binary party system that has divided the country into two irreconcilable teams.” Meanwhile, Hartmann (2012) notes that “a two-party system isn’t really that democratic at all … [because] more parties mean more ideas”—and yet in America when ideas clash, war can break out. … that democratic at all … [because] more parties mean more ideas”—and yet in America when ideas clash, war can break out. The nation’s system……
References
References
Breger, M. L. (2017). Reforming by re-norming: How the legal system has the potential to change a toxic culture of domestic violence. J. Legis., 44, 170.
Beinart, P. (2017). The rise of the violent left. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/the-rise-of-the-violent-left/534192/
Brockhoff, S., Krieger, T. & Meierrieks, D. (2014). Great expectations and hard times: the (nontrivial) impact of education on domestic terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(7), 1186-1215.
Brown, D. (2017). Proud boys founder. Retrieved from https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2017/12/12/19540403/proud-boys-founder-wants-to-trigger-the-entire-state-of-oregon-by-helping-patriot-prayers-joey-gibson-win-the-oregon-person-of-the-year- p
Cramer, E. P., Choi, Y. J., & Ross, A. I. (2017). Race, Culture, and Abuse of Persons with Disabilities. In Religion, Disability, and Interpersonal Violence (pp. 89-110). Springer, Cham.
Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. (2016). Countering violent extremism with governance networks. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(6), 135-139.
DeCook, J. R. (2018). Memes and symbolic violence:# proudboys and the use of memes for propaganda and the construction of collective identity. Learning, Media and Technology, 43(4), 485-504.
Doyle, E. (Ed.). (2018). Antifa and the Radical Left. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
Study Document
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma
… Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), in basic terms, “is a cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the body’s immune system” (American Cancer Society, 2019). In this case, the lymphocytes affected begin abnormal multiplication and collect in various places of a person’s lymphatic system. When this happens, the lymphocytes affected can no longer be able to fight infections – effectively making the affected individual prone to a ……
References
References
American Cancer Society (2019). What Is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma? Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/about/what-is-non-hodgkin-lymphoma.html
Evens, A.M. & Bloom, K.A. (Eds.). (2015). Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Pathology, Imaging, and Current Therapy. New York, NY: Springer.
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