Debate Essays (Examples)
Study Document
Determinate Versus Indeterminate Sentencing Policies
...Debate Abstract
Indeterminate sentencing laws allow judges to give convicted felons a window of time rather a specific sentence length. With indeterminate sentencing, the judge provides a minimum and a maximum but defers authority regarding when a prisoner is released (or when probation ends) to other members of the criminal justice system such as parole board members and probation officers. Determinate sentencing is just the opposite: a procedure in which the trial judge does sentence an offender to a specific length of time. Both determinate and indeterminate sentencing have been commonly practiced in the United States, and each of these policies has strengths and drawbacks. While indeterminate sentencing can be helpful in cases where an inmate shows certain signs of rehabilitation, determinate sentencing can be deemed more fair overall.
Pros of Indeterminate Sentencing
Indeterminate sentencing has been hailed for its potential usefulness in promoting rehabilitative models in criminal justice. With an……
References
References
Allen, J. (2016). CU rape case sparks debate over Colorado’s indeterminate sentencing law. The Denver Channel. Retrieved from: https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/local-news/colorados-indeterminate-sentencing-criticized
Baker, J. (2020, Aug 10). Davis sentenced to 15 years in 2017 Wheeling hotel killing. WTOV. Retrieved from: https://wtov9.com/news/local/davis-sentenced-to-15-years-in-2017-wheeling-hotel-killing
Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute (n.d.). Indeterminate sentence. Retrieved from: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/indeterminate_sentence
Gant, J. & Hussain, D. (2020, 5 Aug). Hero PC Andrew Harper’s mother slams ‘unduly lenient sentences for her son’s killers. Daily Mail. Retrieved from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8592283/Attorney-General-review-jail-terms-handed-three-teenagers-killed-PC-Andrew-Harper.html
Green, S.J. (2020, Aug 6). Brothers sentenced to 40 years in prison for 2016 shooting at Seattle homeless encampment. Bakersfield. Retrieved from: https://www.bakersfield.com/ap/national/brothers-sentenced-to-40-years-in-prison-for-2016-shooting-at-seattle-homeless-encampment/article_5c5d040d-0e0c-532e-9fd7-794232746f5d.html
O’Hear, M.M. (2011). Beyond rehabilitation. 48 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1247 (2011).
Puzauskas, K. & Morrow, K. (2018). No indeterminate sentencing without parole. 44 Ohio N.U. L. Rev. 263 (2018).
Rhine, E.E., Watts, A. & Reitz, K.R. (2018). Parole boards within indeterminate and determinate sentencing structures. Robina Institute of Law and Criminal Justice. Retrieved from: https://robinainstitute.umn.edu/news-views/parole-boards-within-indeterminate-and-determinate-sentencing-structures
Study Document
Trolley Problems And Self Driving Cars
...Debate The Limits of Deontology and Utilitarianism in the Trolley Problem
Introduction
The trolley problem is an old moral quandary that essentially has no wrong or right answer. It is a kind of worst case scenario in which one must choose the lesser of two evils. For example, a runaway trolley is set to crash and kill five people, but by throwing a lever you might spare those five but take the life of one innocent man crossing a connecting set of tracks. Is there a morally wrong or right answer to the question? And how does it apply in the case of self-driving cars? How should an engineer program an autonomous vehicle to respond to such a worst case scenario? Should the machine be programmed to swerve and take the life of an innocent man on the sidewalk so as to avoid taking the lives of five people dead ahead……
References
Works Cited
Carter, Stacy M. \\\\\\\\\\\\"Overdiagnosis, ethics, and trolley problems: why factors other than outcomes matter—an essay by Stacy Carter.\\\\\\\\\\\\" Bmj 358 (2017): j3872.
Ewing, J. “German Court Says Tesla Self-Driving Claims Are Misleading.” New York Times, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/business/tesla-autopilot-germany.html
Himmelreich, Johannes. \\\\\\\\\\\\"Never mind the trolley: The ethics of autonomous vehicles in mundane situations.\\\\\\\\\\\\" Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 21.3 (2018): 669-684.
Marshall, Aarian. “What Can the Trolley Problem Teach Self-Driving Car Engineers?” Wired, 2010. https://www.wired.com/story/trolley-problem-teach-self-driving-car-engineers/
Nyholm, Sven. \\\\\\\\\\\\"The ethics of crashes with self?driving cars: A roadmap, I.\\\\\\\\\\\\" Philosophy Compass 13.7 (2018): e12507.
Nyholm, Sven, and Jilles Smids. \\\\\\\\\\\\"The ethics of accident-algorithms for self-driving cars: An applied trolley problem?.\\\\\\\\\\\\" Ethical theory and moral practice 19.5 (2016): 1275-1289.
Pojman, L. and J. Fieser. Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong. Cengage, 2012.
Snow, Nancy E. \\\\\\\\\\\\"Neo-Aristotelian Virtue Ethics.\\\\\\\\\\\\" The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. Oxford University Press, 2018. 321.
Study Document
Learning Theory An Assessment Of Applicability
...Debate The Applicability of Learning Theory
Learning is a complex process by which an individual acquires and modifies their knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, and skills through study, instruction or experience. Theories provide a framework for understanding how learning occurs and the factors that influence its effectiveness. Learning theories are complex and comprehensive principles that explain how individual learn, develop, and progress (Rosser-Majors, 2017). They acknowledge that human beings learn differently and attempt to contextualize the learning process. Four of the most common learning theories are behaviorism, constructivism, cognitivism, and humanism. This text analyzes the learning process as portrayed by these four theories, the ideologies within each theory, and evidence-based application of learning theory to enhance learning.
Behaviorism Theory
Behaviorism theory emphasizes the role of external factors/stimuli in shaping an individual’s behavior (Rosser-Majors, 2017). Behaviorists argue that all behavior is an association between an environmental stimulus and the individual’s response to the same.……
References
References
Al-Rawahi, N., & Al-Balushi, M. (2015). The Effect of Reflective Science Journal Writing on Students’ Self-Regulated Learning Strategies. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 10(3), 367-79.
Dotson, R. (2016). Goal-Setting to Increase Student Academic Performance. Journal of School Administration Research and Development, 1(1), 44-46.
Harasim, L. (2017). Learning Theory and Online Technologies. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Rosser-Majors, M. L. (2017). Theories of Learning: an Exploration. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.
Wan, Z., Compeau, D., & Haggerty, N. (2014). The Effects of Self-Regulated Learning Processes on E-Learning Outcomes in Organizational Settings. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(1), 307-40.
Study Document
Principles Of American Democracy
… moved beyond a vague, romantic idea of emancipation and freedom. Liberty was like an 18th century intellectual drug that fueled many a heady debate in many a salon. It was not necessarily something that anyone expected or foresaw needing to be writ down in fine, well-examined terms. ……
References
References
Declaration of Independence. (1776). Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript
Rousseau, J. (2018). Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rousseau/
Van Voris, J. (1996). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life. New York City: Feminist Press at CUNY.
Hunt, L. (2016). "Introduction: The Revolutionary Origins of Human Rights." In The French Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief History with Documents, 2nd Edition, edited by Lynn Hunt, 1-31 (Boston: Bedford), 1.
Hunt, L. (2016). "Introduction: The Revolutionary Origins of Human Rights." In The French Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief History with Documents, 2nd Edition, edited by Lynn Hunt, 1-31 (Boston: Bedford), 5.
National Assembly. “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 26 August 1789.” Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite. http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/exhibits/show/liberty--equality--fraternity/item/3216
Foote, S. (1958). The Civil War: Ft. Sumter to Perryville. NY: Random House.
Brutus No. 1. (1787). http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus01.htm
Study Document
McDonalds International Expansion
… in tourist areas such as Rodney Bay, or near the airport in Vieux Fort. How much potential the market had is up for debate, as locals do not eat much beef, and this was responsible for the downfall of McDonalds in Barbados and Jamaica recently (Patrick, 2020). ……
References
References
CIA World Factbook (2020) St. Lucia. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/st.html
Deloitte (2020) International tax St. Lucia highlights 2020. Deloitte. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-stluciahighlights-2020.pdf
Duncan, N. (2019) The QSR 50. Quick Service Restaurants. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www.qsrmagazine.com/reports/qsr-50-11
Patrick (2020) McDonald’s failure in Barbados hides in plain sight. Uncommon Caribbean. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www.uncommoncaribbean.com/barbados/mcdonalds-failure-in-barbados-hides-in-plain-sight/
St. Lucia Times (2019) Saint Lucia slips in ease of doing business rankings. St. Lucia Times. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://stluciatimes.com/saint-lucia-slips-in-ease-of-doing-business-rankings/
Trading Economics (2019) St. Lucia corruption perceptions index. Trading Economics. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://tradingeconomics.com/st-lucia/corruption-index
Study Document
What Is Public Administration Today
… often by committee and is pluralistic, which can make it difficult for any action to be taken if there is disagreement among members. Debates can be contentious and there can be a great deal of stalling and what appears to be inaction.
The disadvantages of public administration ……
References
References
Cann, S. (2007). The Administrative State, the Exercise of Discretion, and the Constitution. Public Administration Review, 67(4), 780–782.
EPA. (2015). Administrative discretion. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/administrative_discretion_nonotesclean.pdf
Reyes, P., & Pounder, D. G. (1993). Organizational orientation in public and private elementary schools. The Journal of Educational Research, 87(2), 86-93.
Reyes, D. R. (1998). Public sector reengineering: Practice, problems and prospects.
Rinaldi, M., Montanari, R., & Bottani, E. (2015). Improving the efficiency of public
administrations through business process reengineering and simulation: A case study. Business Process Management Journal, 21(2), 419-462.
Rubenstein, D. S. (2015). Administrative Federalism as Separation of Powers. Wash. & Lee L. Rev., 72, 171.
Savoie, D. J. (2006). What is wrong with the new public management?. In Comparative Public Administration (pp. 593-602). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Study Document
Influence Of Political Interests Groups On The Educational Policy
...Debate Budget and Resource Allocation Influence of Political Interest Groups on the Educational Policy Making Process
Introduction
State support for public education has wavered over time as a consequence of other competing interests. This is more so the case given the competing demands of a wide range of other things including, but not limited to, healthcare (i.e. Medicaid). There are, however, variations from state to state. There is need for educational theorists, education policy practitioners and various other stakeholders in the education framework to better comprehend the various political forces having an impact on state fiscal policy. This text concerns itself with the influence of political interest groups on the educational policy-making process, with regard to budget and resource allocation. The context of this particular discussion will be Florida and Texas.
Discussion
Interest groups do not have an assigned definition. This is to say that there is no single accepted definition……
References
References
Abbott, I., Rathbone, M. & Whitehead, P. (2012). Education Policy. New York, NY: SAGE.
Anderson, J.E. (2003).Public Policy-Making. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
Delaney, J. A., & Doyle, W. R. (2007). The role of higher education in state budgets. Journal of Education Finance, 36(4), 343-268.
Grapevine. (2016). Appropriations: State Tax Funds for Operating Expenses of Higher Education, 1983-1984. Retrieved from: https://education.illinoisstate.edu/grapevine/tables/
Larrabee, B. (2016). Education groups put big money into political causes. Retrieved from https://www.gainesville.com/news/20160828/education-groups-put-big-money-into-political-causes
Tandberg, D. A. (2009). Interest groups and governmental institutions: The politics of state funding of public higher education. Educational Policy, 24(5), 104-117.
Vote Smart (2020). Texas Education Special Interest Groups. Retrieved from https://votesmart.org/interest-groups/TX/27#.XrVCzsBRW00
Vote Smart (2020). Florida Education Special Interest Groups. Retrieved from https://votesmart.org/interest-groups/FL/27#.XrVKScBRW01
Study Document
The Influence Of International Jewry In The Founding Of Israel
… and an ethnic minority—though the terms and conditions under which all of these categorical associations are valid or legitimate is subject to some debate. First of all, Judaism today is different from what it was in pre-Christian times. Of the three largest sects of Judaism today—Reform, Conservative ……
References
Bibliography
JMW, XII. Jewish Identity Challenged and Redefined: #16
JMW, XI. The Shoah: #21-41
JMW, VIII. Sephardi & Middle Eastern Jewry #32-35
JMW, X. Zionism: #42-55
JMW, IX. American Jewry: #52
Study Document
Domestic Extremism And Terrorism
… society in which empathy, rapport, collaboration and positive communication are core staples and values, a culture needs to be fostered that encourages respectful debate rather than pompous action based on violent credos and militant action. Violence is viewed as needed by both sides because communication barriers exist ……
References
References
Breger, M. L. (2017). Reforming by re-norming: How the legal system has the potential to change a toxic culture of domestic violence. J. Legis., 44, 170.
Beinart, P. (2017). The rise of the violent left. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/the-rise-of-the-violent-left/534192/
Brockhoff, S., Krieger, T. & Meierrieks, D. (2014). Great expectations and hard times: the (nontrivial) impact of education on domestic terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(7), 1186-1215.
Brown, D. (2017). Proud boys founder. Retrieved from https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2017/12/12/19540403/proud-boys-founder-wants-to-trigger-the-entire-state-of-oregon-by-helping-patriot-prayers-joey-gibson-win-the-oregon-person-of-the-year- p
Cramer, E. P., Choi, Y. J., & Ross, A. I. (2017). Race, Culture, and Abuse of Persons with Disabilities. In Religion, Disability, and Interpersonal Violence (pp. 89-110). Springer, Cham.
Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. (2016). Countering violent extremism with governance networks. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(6), 135-139.
DeCook, J. R. (2018). Memes and symbolic violence:# proudboys and the use of memes for propaganda and the construction of collective identity. Learning, Media and Technology, 43(4), 485-504.
Doyle, E. (Ed.). (2018). Antifa and the Radical Left. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
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