Social Behavior Essays(Examples)
Study Document
Anxiety And Depression Treatment Through Mindfulness
Abnormal Psychology Questions
Q1. According to your text please describe how negative reinforcement increases the avoidance behavior often associated with anxiety.
Negative reinforcement refers to the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus to reward behavior. Using operant conditioning in a laboratory experiment, this might be accomplished by the withdrawal of an unpleasant sound when the desired behavior is completed. However, in the real world, for someone experiencing anxiety, the usual way in which someone suffering from this psychological disorder deals … the surface, might seem to be sensible on the one hand, on the other hand it can result in the anxious individual becoming social withdrawn or avoiding positive life experiences because of the fear. For fears of very common things—such as driving—it can significantly impair the individual’s … experiences because of the fear. For fears of very common things—such as driving—it can significantly impair the individual’s ability to engage in……
References
References
Cameron, O.G. (2007). Understanding comorbid depression and anxiety, 24 (14). Retrieved from: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/anxiety/understanding-comorbid-depression-and- anxiety
Facts and Statistics. (2020). Anxiety and Depression Association of America. Retrieved from: https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics
Study Document
COVID 19 In South Africa Nigeria And Swaziland
… and Swaziland
The institutional theory deals with the outlines, regulations, standards, and procedures that are formulated in the institutions as commanding instructions for social behavior. This theory gives an understanding of how institutions are shaped, and the societal norms and frameworks are informed to all people of an … all levels of the firm and in what way people are obeying them. This would ultimately build an organizational culture for coping with social and political issues. The informal institutions are social shared instructions, typically unwritten, that are formed, transferred and imposed outside the official boundaries (Torniainen & Sasstamoinen, 2007), for example, giving tips to … food delivery man is now an informal institution, which is actually not an official rule written anywhere but is still followed as acceptable social behavior.
Studies have been conducted to see what drives change in an organization and how institutional theory comes into play.……
References
References
Coelho, A. (2019). The role of informal institutions in the enforcement of rules and how to improve corporate and public governance in Brazil: Studies based on a set of corporate governance cases involving state-owned companies (Working Paper). Retrieved from SSRN website https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3434037
Dacin, M.T., Goodstein, J. & Scott, W.R. (2002). Institutional theory and institutional change: Introduction to the special research forum. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 45- 47. DOI: 10.2307/3069284
Escandon-Barbosa, D.M., Urbano, D., Hurtado-Ayala, A., Paramo, J.S. & Dominguez, A.Z. (2019). Formal institutions, informal institutions, and entrepreneurial activity: A comparative relationship between rural and urban areas in Colombia. Journal of Urban Management, 8(3), 458-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2019.06.002
Estrin, S. & Prevezer, M. (2010). The role of informal institutions in corporate governance: Brazil, Russia, India, and China compared. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28, 41- 67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-010-9229-1
Kaufmann, W., Hooghiemstra, R. & Feeney, M.K. (2018). Formal institutions, informal institutions, and red tape: A comparative study. Public Administration, 96(2), 386-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12397
Meluch, A.L. (2016, August). Understanding the organizational and institutional origins of social support in a cancer support center. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=kent1466944822&disposition=inline
Torniainen, T.J. & Sasstamoinen, O.J. (2007). Formal and informal institutions and their hierarchy in the regulation of the forest lease in Russia. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 80(5), 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpm033
Study Document
Impact Of Culture On Domestic Violence
… then those individuals are likely to engage in domestic violence acts as they feel or believe that it is an acceptable mode of behavior, sanctioned by the culture in which they live. The culture of media, friends, family, schools, churches and other organizations may all play a … Research (2017), black women: the Institute shows that 40% of black women experience domestic violence, which is defined as the problem of abusive behavior towards another in one’s household. This behavior can be physical, mental, financial, emotional or social. The issue of domestic violence is a problem because it breaks up the stability of what should be a comforting and safe space—the … black communities have been inundated with for years, however, has been one that promotes the degradation of women and the irresponsible and violent behavior of black men. A stereotype of blackness as being akin to criminality has been……
References
References
Adorno, T. & Horkheimer, M. (2007). The culture industry: Enlightenment as mass deception. Stardom and celebrity: A reader, 34, 2007.
Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699280
Breger, M. L. (2017). Reforming by re-norming: How the legal system has the potential to change a toxic culture of domestic violence. J. Legis., 44, 170.
Cashmore, E. (2006). The Black culture industry. Routledge.
Coleman, L. (1974). Carl Van Vechten Presents the New Negro. Studies in the Literary Imagination, 7(2), 85.
Cramer, E. P., Choi, Y. J., & Ross, A. I. (2017). Race, Culture, and Abuse of Persons with Disabilities. In Religion, Disability, and Interpersonal Violence (pp. 89-110). Champaign, IL: Springer.
Davis, A. (2012). The Meaning of Freedom. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books.
Decker, J. L. (1993). The state of rap: Time and place in hip hop nationalism. Social Text, (34), 53-84.
Study Document
Drug Abuse
… situation is dire and the general impact of drug abuse among school children in the developed world includes: negative cognitive development, increased risky behavior, lack of productivity, decline in living standards and familial relations, decline in social or civic duty, and a decline in mental and physical health. The impacts extend beyond the individual and affect society, the family, the … the individual and affect society, the family, the economy and eventually governments, which are tasked with addressing the issues.
The strong relationship between social inequality and drug abuse as well as peer pressure are two issues that have to be discussed more in order to alleviate the … highly developmental stage and are easily impacted by chemicals introduced and abused in the body. The more that society allows drugs to become social accepted the greater the risk of abuse is for younger children. This sets up a particularly……
References
References
Baggio, S., Spilka, S., Studer, J., Iglesias, K., & Gmel, G. (2016). Trajectories of drug use among French young people: Prototypical stages of involvement in illicit drug use. Journal of Substance Use, 21(5), 485-490.
Bonyani, A., Safaeian, L., Chehrazi, M., Etedali, A., Zaghian, M., & Mashhadian, F. (2018). A high school-based education concerning drug abuse prevention. Journal of education and health promotion, 7.
Chu, Y. W. L. (2015). Do medical marijuana laws increase hard-drug use?. The Journal of Law and Economics, 58(2), 481-517.
Downes, D. (2017). The drug addict as a folk devil. In Drugs and politics (pp. 89-97). Routledge.
Goodchild, M., Nargis, N., & d\\'Espaignet, E. T. (2018). Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases. Tobacco control, 27(1), 58-64.
Grant, C. N., & Bélanger, R. E. (2017). Cannabis and Canada’s children and youth. Paediatrics & child health, 22(2), 98-102.
Herbert, A., Gonzalez-Izquierdo, A., McGhee, J., Li, L., & Gilbert, R. (2016). Time-trends in rates of hospital admission of adolescents for violent, self-inflicted or drug/alcohol-related injury in England and Scotland, 2005–11: population-based analysis. Journal of Public Health, 39(1), 65-73.
Henkel, D., & Zemlin, U. (2016). Social inequality and substance use and problematic gambling among adolescents and young adults: a review of epidemiological surveys in Germany. Current drug abuse reviews, 9(1), 26-48.
Study Document
Program Logic Model
1) What social problem did the program seek to address?
The social problem that the program sought to address was the need to reduce risky sexual behavior among teenage youths. Risky sexual behavior is common among teens (Chapin, 2001) and programs that focus on educating teens about reducing risks associated with sex can be a way … risk and taking responsibility. Promoted by Damon (1984) as a way to tap previously untapped potential, the idea is also found in the psycho-social theory of Bandura (2018) who showed that peers are one of the most influential groups when it comes to moderating social behavior.
Parekh et al. (2018) studied peer and health educators, both of whom received training in how to deliver program content to teens, with … facilitate learning; 2) Health educators can provide useful knowledge that teens need to know in order to reduce their exposure to risky sexual……
References
References
Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130-136.
Bickel, R., Weaver, S., Williams, T., & Lange, L. (1997). Opportunity, community, and teen pregnancy in an Appalachian state. The Journal of Educational Research, 90(3), 175-181.
Chapin, J. (2001). It won't happen to me: The role of optimistic bias in African American teens' risky sexual practices. Howard Journal of Communication, 12(1), 49-59.
Damon, W. (1984). Peer education: The untapped potential. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 5(4), 331-343.
Kerpelman, J. L., McElwain, A. D., Pittman, J. F., & Adler-Baeder, F. M. (2016). Engagement in risky sexual behavior: Adolescents’ perceptions of self and the parent–child relationship matter. Youth & Society, 48(1), 101-125.
Sciolla, A., Ziajko, L. A., & Salguero, M. L. (2010). Sexual health competence of international medical graduate psychiatric residents in the United States. Academic Psychiatry, 34(5), 361-368.
Stakic, S., Zielony, R., Bodiroza, A., & Kimzeke, G. (2003). Peer education within a frame of theories and models of behaviour change. Entre Nous: The European Magazine for Sexual and Reproductive Health, 56, 4-6.
Walsh-Buhi, E. R., Marhefka, S. L., Wang, W., Debate, R., Perrin, K., Singleton, A., ... & Ziemba, R. (2016). The impact of the Teen Outreach Program on sexual intentions and behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(3), 283-290.
Study Document
Domestic Extremism And Terrorism
… (Doyle, 2018).
The themes associated with the literature on domestic terrorism, extremism and violence focus three important categories: 1) how culture makes extremism social acceptable; 2) how culture fosters violent attitudes and beliefs; and 3) how laws are responsible for shaping the culture that fosters the first … in American society. Culture has to be addressed at the legislative level because this is where laws are determined and where expectations for social behavior are identified (Breger, 2017). If people do not know what is acceptable behavior or what will not be tolerated, they cannot be blamed for acting in ways that are unacceptable. The law has not told them … is the key by which domestic violence can be both understood and effectively addressed. Cramer et al. (2017) state that “culture is a social construction that is influenced by the ways in which people make sense of who they……
References
References
Breger, M. L. (2017). Reforming by re-norming: How the legal system has the potential to change a toxic culture of domestic violence. J. Legis., 44, 170.
Beinart, P. (2017). The rise of the violent left. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/the-rise-of-the-violent-left/534192/
Brockhoff, S., Krieger, T. & Meierrieks, D. (2014). Great expectations and hard times: the (nontrivial) impact of education on domestic terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(7), 1186-1215.
Brown, D. (2017). Proud boys founder. Retrieved from https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2017/12/12/19540403/proud-boys-founder-wants-to-trigger-the-entire-state-of-oregon-by-helping-patriot-prayers-joey-gibson-win-the-oregon-person-of-the-year- p
Cramer, E. P., Choi, Y. J., & Ross, A. I. (2017). Race, Culture, and Abuse of Persons with Disabilities. In Religion, Disability, and Interpersonal Violence (pp. 89-110). Springer, Cham.
Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. (2016). Countering violent extremism with governance networks. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(6), 135-139.
DeCook, J. R. (2018). Memes and symbolic violence:# proudboys and the use of memes for propaganda and the construction of collective identity. Learning, Media and Technology, 43(4), 485-504.
Doyle, E. (Ed.). (2018). Antifa and the Radical Left. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
Study Document
Criminal Justice Inequality And Conflict Theory
… to be able to do his job so he must be insistent and if the person resists, he must be able to use social and emotional intelligence to read the situation and prevent it from escalating by keeping calm himself but staying firm. It is when officers … of the black population incarcerated in US prisons, indicating that blacks are not receiving equal fair treatment within the criminal justice system.
Discussion4: social Control Theory
Hirschi’s social bond theory states that crime is committed because of lack of attachment, commitment, involvement, or belief by the individual who commits the crime. ……
Study Document
Depression Status Among Empty Nest Elderly In China
… may live with a spouse or alone (Zhou et al., 2019).
Since empty nesters are increasing in China, they have become an urgent social and public health problem. This is primarily because of their deteriorating physiological capabilities and functions. As age increases, empty nesters face significant physiological … primarily because of their deteriorating physiological capabilities and functions. As age increases, empty nesters face significant physiological deterioration and a wide range of social problems. Some of the major social problems faced by this population include anxiety disorders, loneliness, and depression. Depression is generally one of the major psychiatric issues facing elderly people … is attributable to the feeling emerging from their living conditions and arrangements…[break]…linked to the risk of depression in this population include lack of social support and poor health promoting lifestyles. Empty nesters lack adequate support from family and friends though social support has been identified as a……
References
References
Gong, F., Zhao, D., Zhao, Y., Lu, S., Qian, Z. & Sun, Y. (2018). The Factors Associated With Geriatric Depression in Rural China: Stratified by Household Structure. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 23(5), 593-603.
Liang, Y. & Wu, W. (2014). Exploratory Analysis of Health-related Quality of Life Among the Empty-nest Elderly in Rural China: An Empirical Study in Three Economically Developed Cities in Eastern China. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12(59). doi:10.1186/1477-7525-12-59
Lu, J., Zhang, C., Xue, Y., Mao, D., Zheng, X., Wu, S. & Wang, X. (2019). Moderating Effect of Social Support on Depression and Health Promoting Lifestyle for Chinese Empty Nesters: A Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256, 495-508.
Wang, L., Liu, W., Liang, Y. & Wei, Y. (2019). Mental Health and Depressive Feeling of Empty-Nest Elderly People in China. American Journal of Health Behavior, 43(6), 1171-1185.
Xie, L., Zhang, J., Peng, F. & Jiao, N. (2010). Prevalence and Related Influencing Factors of Depressive Symptoms for Empty-nest Elderly Living in the Rural Area of YongZhou, China. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 50, 24-29.
Zhai, Y., Yi, H., Shen, W., Xiao, Y., Fan, H., He, F., Li, F., Wang, X., Shang, X. & Lin, J. (2015). Association of Empty Nest with Depressive Symptom in a Chinese Elderly Population: A Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 187, 218-223.
Zhang, C., Xue, Y., Zhao, H., Zheng, X., Zhu, R., Du, Y., Zheng, J. & Yang, T. (2019). Prevalence and Related Influencing Factors of Depressive Symptoms Among Empty-nest Elderly in Shanxi, China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 750-756.
Zhou, J., Xiao, L., Zhou, Y., Rui, G. & Ni, X. (2019). The Depression Status of Empty Nesters in Eastern Rural China. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 47(2), 1-9.
Study Document
Benefits Of Lifting Weights For Women Between The Ages Of 25 40
… follow their lead? What are the benefits?
Previous Approaches
Previous attempts to define a healthy lifestyle for women have focused on diet and social activities, such as being part of a peer group, developing a strong social support system, and focusing on mental health (Dressler, 1985). Exercise and physical activity has focused more on lower body movement—like walking or spinning ……
References
References
Choi, P. Y. (1992). The psychological benefits of physical exercise: Implications for women and the menstrual cycle. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 10(2), 111-115.
Clapp III, J. F. (2000). Exercise during pregnancy: a clinical update. Clinics in sports medicine, 19(2), 273-286.
Dressler, W. W. (1985). Extended family relationships, social support, and mental health in a southern black community. Journal of health and social behavior, 39-48.
Guntzviller, L. M., King, A. J., Jensen, J. D., & Davis, L. A. (2017). Self-efficacy, health literacy, and nutrition and exercise behaviors in a low-income, Hispanic population. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 19(2), 489-493.
Lavallee, M. E., & Mansfield, L. A. (2013). Weightlifting training gives lifelong benefits. ACSM\\\\\\'s Health & Fitness Journal, 17(2), 34-36.
Lowery, K. (2019). Where Are The Ladies?: The Social and Cultural Reasons Why Women Still Shy Away From Weights in 2018 (Doctoral dissertation).
Rogers, P. & Fogoros, R. (2019). A Fundamental Guide to Weight Training. Retrieved from https://www.verywellfit.com/weight-training-fundamentals-a-concise-guide-3498525
Study Document
The Modern World Of Autonomy Vs Heteronomy
… is steered by knowledge, great power lies among those in control of the production, storage, and distribution of information (Steiner and Stewart, 527). social classes are subdivided by peoples’ access to an education, because without any communication and technical skills, individuals part of an information society do … an information society do not have any means to succeed.
Theoretical perspectives on modern society
Whereas several sociologists have conducted various research on social and society interactions, Max Weber and Karl Max established different theoretical strategies to assist us in understanding the development and growth of the … society get to share similar values and norms. With regard to the modern society, Weber’s and Marx’s analytical concentrate on another sociological theory; social structure (Lumen Learning; Little).
social structures are simply general social behavior patterns and organization which carry on through time. The analysis of Marx concentrates on capitalism’s financial structures (class,……
References
Works cited
Gerth, H. H., and C. Wright Mills. \\\\\\\\\\\\"Politics as a Vocation.\\\\\\\\\\\\" From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (1946): 77-128.
Little, William. “Chapter 4. Society and Modern Life.” Introduction to Sociology – 2nd Canadian Edition. (n.d.). Web.
Lumen Learning. “Theoretical Perspectives on Society.” Society and Social Interaction. (n.d.). Web.
Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. \\\\\\\\\\\\"The Communist Manifesto.\\\\\\\\\\\\" Selected Works bu Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Neu York: International Publishers 1363 (1848). 108-127.
Marx, Karl. \\\\\\\\\\\\"Economic and philosophical manuscripts.\\\\\\\\\\\\" Early writings 333 (1844) 75–112.
Marx, Karl. Grundrisse: Foundations of the critique of political economy. Penguin UK, 2005. 82-111.
Steiner, Pierre, and John Stewart. \\\\\\\\\\\\"From autonomy to heteronomy (and back): The enaction of social life.\\\\\\\\\\\\" Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 8.4 (2009): 527.
Weber, Max. The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New Introduction and Translation by Stephen Kalberg. ROXBURY PUBLISHING COMPANY, 2001. 13-37
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