Racial Bias Essays (Examples)
Study Document
Racial Equality And Justice
racial injustice is a part of American history. In spite of legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, racial injustice remains rampant in the United States. Police brutality is one of the most visible areas in which racial injustice manifests itself. The murder of George Floyd was only one of many similar instances, the majority of which go unreported due to … black males experience a disproportionate number of such instances and are also stopped and arrested more often than their white counterparts, shows that racial bias is endemic in American society.
This sample essay provides an example of how to write about racial equality and justice in America. Several topics will be discussed in this essay, including George Floyd and the riots in Minneapolis. A discussion … responding to racism in America. Additionally, this essay will show how the George Floyd incident led to a public discussion about……
References
References
Black Lives Matter (2020). Retrieved from: https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
Cole, B. (2020). Minnesota asks Trump to declare ‘major disaster’ over riots damage. Newsweek. 3 July, 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.newsweek.com/minnesota-riots-tim-walz-clean-george-floyd-1515335
Glover, S., Richards, C., Devine, C., et al. (2020). A key miscalculation by officers contributed to the tragic death of Breonna Taylor. CNN. 23 July, 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/23/us/breonna-taylor-police-shooting-invs/index.html
“History of Juneteenth,” (2020). juneteenth.com. Retrieved from: https://www.juneteenth.com/history.htm
Ray, R. (2020). What does ‘defund the police’ mean and does it have merit? Brookings. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/06/19/what-does-defund-the-police-mean-and-does-it-have-merit/
“Seven Things You Need to Know About Antifa,” (2020). BBC. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/X56rQkDgd0qqB7R68t6t7C/seven-things-you-need-to-know-about-antifa
“Who Are Antifa?” (2020). ADL. Retrieved from : https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/who-are-antifa
Study Document
Joe R Feagins White Racial Frame
Explain Joe R. Feagin’s white racial frame. Where did it come from? How is it perpetuated?
This white racial frame is four centuries old and it entails various racial theories and ideologies such as stereotyping and bigotry as well as other aspects of communication such as interlinking interpretations, sounds of language, and … language, and emotions. Also covered is people’s inclination to be discriminative in everyday life (Picca et al 2).
The existence of the white racial frame has made it part and parcel of the American experience in both American institutions and minds. The wide perspective it encompasses has … stress that he was not a racist when evidence shows that he was cruel to his slaves is counterproductive (Feagin, 6).
The white racial frame is something that people still experience in daily life. It can be subtle or overt. Professors, being unaware of their own bias or how……
References
Works cited
Feagin, Joe R. The white racial frame: Centuries of racial framing and counter-framing. Routledge, 2010.
Picca, Leslie H., and Joe R. Feagin. \\"Two-faced racism: Whites in the backstage and frontstage.\\" (2007).
Study Document
Race And Incarceration Rates
… race with incarceration (Alexander 2012).
The Root of the Problem
Alexander (2012) notes that the mass incarceration of African Americans is because of racial prejudice in the criminal justice system (informed by the same culture that promote Manifest Destiny nearly 200 years ago): she points out, for … easier for white defendants to post bail. Minorities are routinely denied due process, and even the use of juries often lends itself to bias that the prosecution is able to exploit (Aguirre and Baker 2000). When the jury is stacked with white people and the defendant is … (2012:258) states, “If we want to do more than just end mass incarceration—if we want to put an end to the history of racial caste in America—we must lay down our racial bribes, join hands with people of all colors who are not content to wait for change to trickle down, and say……
References
References
Aguirre, A., & Baker, D. V. (Eds.). 2008. Structured inequality in the United States: Critical discussions on the continuing significance of race, ethnicity, and gender. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Alexander, Michelle. 2012. The New Jim Crow. New York: New Press.
Davis, Angela. 2012. The Meaning of Freedom. San Francisco: City Light Books.
James, Lois. 2018. The stability of implicit racial bias in police officers. Police Quarterly 21(1):0-52.
Lopez, German. 2018. There are huge racial disparities in how US police use force. Retrieved July 30, 2019 ( https://www.vox.com/identities/2016/8/13/17938186/police-shootings-killings-racism-racial-disparities ).
O’Sullivan, John. 1845. Annexation. United States Magazine and Democratic Review 17(1):5-10.
Pettit, Becky, and Bruce Western. 2004. Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in US incarceration." American sociological review 69(2):151-169.
Plessy v. Ferguson. 1896. Retrieved July 30, 2019 ( https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/163us537 ).
Study Document
Cultural Identity Development
… as well as disadvantaged groups and my relation to them. Additionally, it highlights the significance of the self-identity concept. The Multidimensional Model of racial Identity (MMRI), put forward by Smith, Sellers, Shelton and colleagues (1998), has been utilized to address all of the above aspects. The paper … understanding of one's cultural identity, characteristics, prejudices, principles, and views (Pamela, 2008). In the society that I am a part of, my African-American cultural/racial community is regarded as a minority community. With regard to age, I am a part of the dominant age group of adults. Further, … group of adults. Further, I have no disabilities. With regard to spirituality and my religious background, my community is neutral. With regard to racial/ethnic identity, I belong to a non-dominant population, namely, people of color. If one looks at my social class, one will see that I … a part of is not……
References
References
Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Babbitt, N. (2013). Identities: Markers of power and privilege. Retrieved from https://justdessertsblog.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/identities-markers-of-power-and-privilege/
Baldwin, J. A. (1984). African self-consciousness and the mental health of African-Americans. Journal of Black Studies, 15, 177-194.
Clark, K. B. (1965). Dark ghetto. New York: Harper & Row.
Cross, W. E. (1991). Shades of black: Diversity in African-American identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Horowitz, R. (1939). Racial aspects of self-identification in nursery school children. Journal of Psychology, 7, 91-99.
Kambon, K. (I 992). The African personality in America: An Aitricancentered framework. Tallahassee, FL: Nubian Nation Publications
Kardiner, A., & Ovesey, L. (1951). The mark of oppression. New York: Norton.
Study Document
The US Sentencing System Disparities And Discrimination
… benefits. First, it would virtually remove judicial discretion because judges will have to consult a standardized system during sentencing. This will significantly reduce racial bias and prejudices and probably do away with sentencing discrimination and disparities. Judges will have a much-reduced ability to impose sentences based on their … and prejudices and probably do away with sentencing discrimination and disparities. Judges will have a much-reduced ability to impose sentences based on their bias, ideals, and beliefs. Second, if the sentencing system is well-designed, it will ensure that only the factors and characteristics that are warranted and … consideration is racist (Yang, 2015).
Third, if the sentencing system, the mitigating factors, and the offender characteristics are properly designed, they will reduce racial sentencing disparity without considering race. This will automatically result in all types of people being likely to receive the same sentence for the … race. This will automatically……
References
References
Daly, K., & Tonry, M. (1997). Gender, Race, and Sentencing. Crime and Justice, 22, 201-252. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1147574
Farrell, A., Ward, G., & Rousseau, D. (2010). Intersections of gender and race in federal sentencing: examining court contexts and the effects of representative court authorities. Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice, 1, 85.
Hessick, C. B. (2010). Race and gender as explicit sentencing factors. Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice, 1, 127.
Mauer, M. (2010). Justice for all challenging racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Hum. Rts., 37, 14.
Smith, D. (2006). Narrowing Racial Disparities in Sentencing through a System of Mandatory Downward Departures. The Modern American, Summer 2006, 32–37.
Spohn, C. (2008). How do judges decide?: the search for fairness and justice in punishment. Sage Publications.
Yang, C. S. (2015). Free at last? Judicial discretion and racial disparities in federal sentencing. The Journal of Legal Studies, 44(1), 75-111.
Study Document
Blinded By Sight Seeing Race Through The Eyes Of The Blind
… to be the ultimate proof of veracity, including of the construct of race. But what if sight were actually an impediment to true racial understanding? This is underlined in Osagie Obasogie’s book Blinded by Sight: Seeing Race Through the Eyes of the Blind which challenges the notion … This is underlined in Osagie Obasogie’s book Blinded by Sight: Seeing Race Through the Eyes of the Blind which challenges the notion that racial identity exists outside of social constructs and that race can be identified visually. The book encourages a reevaluation of the concept of colorblindness … these redemptive efforts” writes the author, highlighting how the concrete reality of blindness highlights the absurdity of what can appear concrete due to racial prejudices and constructions (Obasogie 176).
One example of both the pervasiveness and the ridiculousness of racism cited by Obasogie is that which was … as much similarity as there……
References
Works Cited
Obasogie, Osagie. Blinded by Sight: Seeing Race Through the Eyes of the Blind. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014.
Study Document
Impact Of Culture On Domestic Violence
… because it could ultimately be the difference between life and death as well. For instance, Hehman, Flake and Calanchini (2018) showed that implicit bias can lead to the deaths of more minorities at the hands of police who rely on stereotyping to determine who is a bad … guy and who is a good guy. The “bad guys” end up being gunned down more frequently and their study showed that implicit bias scores could serve as a predictor of violence towards minorities by police. The researchers pointed also that there are really two ways that … by police. The researchers pointed also that there are really two ways that stereotyping can occur—consciously and unconsciously. The authors believe that explicit bias is purposeful, deliberate and conscious and that implicit bias is unconscious and represents a worldview that the person is not even aware of possessing (Hehman et al., 2018). Thus……
References
References
Adorno, T. & Horkheimer, M. (2007). The culture industry: Enlightenment as mass deception. Stardom and celebrity: A reader, 34, 2007.
Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699280
Breger, M. L. (2017). Reforming by re-norming: How the legal system has the potential to change a toxic culture of domestic violence. J. Legis., 44, 170.
Cashmore, E. (2006). The Black culture industry. Routledge.
Coleman, L. (1974). Carl Van Vechten Presents the New Negro. Studies in the Literary Imagination, 7(2), 85.
Cramer, E. P., Choi, Y. J., & Ross, A. I. (2017). Race, Culture, and Abuse of Persons with Disabilities. In Religion, Disability, and Interpersonal Violence (pp. 89-110). Champaign, IL: Springer.
Davis, A. (2012). The Meaning of Freedom. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books.
Decker, J. L. (1993). The state of rap: Time and place in hip hop nationalism. Social Text, (34), 53-84.
Study Document
Booker T Washington Argumentative Comparison
… members. For thus educating Blacks, the strategy proposed was to first identify the most gifted ten percent of members of the African American racial group, followed by nurturing them in America's top colleges in every field of study. The aforementioned privileged subgroup would subsequently perform the role … pursuing the black community’s agenda was shaped by his earlier dealings with whites.
However, Dubois never experienced slavery, and his first experience of racial discrimination only came during his young adulthood. Moreover, being exceptionally bright decreased the amount of inequality he experienced. Hence, he felt education was ……
References
Bibliography
Blatty, D. (2015, February 22). W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington and the Origins of the Civil Rights Movement. Retrieved from Biography: https://www.biography.com/news/web-dubois-vs-booker-t-washington
Dubois, W. (1903). he Talented Tenth. In The Negro Problem: A Series of Articles by Representative Negroes of To-day (pp. 36-43). New York.
Dunn, F. (1993). The Educational Philosophies of Washington, Dubois, and Houston: Laying the Foundations for Afrocentrism and Multiculturalism. Journal of Negro Education, 62(1), 23-24.
Hancock, A.-M. (n.d.). Socialism/Communism. In p. Young.
Washington, B. T. (1895). Speech at the Atlanta Exposition. Atlanta.
Study Document
Ethical Issues In Criminal Justice
… their officers to engage in ethical decision making, which means making the right decision morally. Sometimes officers can have an unconscious or implicit bias and this can affect their decision making (Hehman, Flake & Calanchini, 2018). Having a code of ethics in place helps officers to remember … officers to remember to base their decisions on the ethical code’s guidance. That way they are not basing decisions on any potential implicit bias they may have.
In order for the ethical code to be implemented effectively, officers need to engage in critical thinking. This means they ……
References
References
Cahn, S. & Markie, P. (2011). Ethics: History, Theory and Contemporary Issues, 5th Edition. UK: Oxford University Press.
Hehman, E., Flake, J. K., & Calanchini, J. (2018). Disproportionate use of lethal force in policing is associated with regional racial biases of residents. Social psychological and personality science, 9(4), 393-401.
Holmes, A. (2007). Ethics: Approaching moral decisions. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.
Roufa, T. (2019). Ethics in law enforcement. Retrieved from https://www.thebalancecareers.com/ethics-in-law-enforcement-and-policing-974542
Study Document
Determinate Versus Indeterminate Sentencing Policies
… a “retributive response,” whereas parole or early release is issued in an “ad hoc” manner (p. 1247). In other words, discrimination and personal bias might cause corrections officers and parole boards to make decisions out of spite or malice rather than on objective…[break]…regularly such as probation and ……
References
References
Allen, J. (2016). CU rape case sparks debate over Colorado’s indeterminate sentencing law. The Denver Channel. Retrieved from: https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/local-news/colorados-indeterminate-sentencing-criticized
Baker, J. (2020, Aug 10). Davis sentenced to 15 years in 2017 Wheeling hotel killing. WTOV. Retrieved from: https://wtov9.com/news/local/davis-sentenced-to-15-years-in-2017-wheeling-hotel-killing
Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute (n.d.). Indeterminate sentence. Retrieved from: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/indeterminate_sentence
Gant, J. & Hussain, D. (2020, 5 Aug). Hero PC Andrew Harper’s mother slams ‘unduly lenient sentences for her son’s killers. Daily Mail. Retrieved from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8592283/Attorney-General-review-jail-terms-handed-three-teenagers-killed-PC-Andrew-Harper.html
Green, S.J. (2020, Aug 6). Brothers sentenced to 40 years in prison for 2016 shooting at Seattle homeless encampment. Bakersfield. Retrieved from: https://www.bakersfield.com/ap/national/brothers-sentenced-to-40-years-in-prison-for-2016-shooting-at-seattle-homeless-encampment/article_5c5d040d-0e0c-532e-9fd7-794232746f5d.html
O’Hear, M.M. (2011). Beyond rehabilitation. 48 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1247 (2011).
Puzauskas, K. & Morrow, K. (2018). No indeterminate sentencing without parole. 44 Ohio N.U. L. Rev. 263 (2018).
Rhine, E.E., Watts, A. & Reitz, K.R. (2018). Parole boards within indeterminate and determinate sentencing structures. Robina Institute of Law and Criminal Justice. Retrieved from: https://robinainstitute.umn.edu/news-views/parole-boards-within-indeterminate-and-determinate-sentencing-structures
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