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… civil law, the nation’s criminal law represents a legal system which deals with penalizing those who perpetrate criminal offenses. Among the many criminal laws of the nation is its 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act or, simply, crime bill. The bill’s enactment was, in a … Figures reveal that a dramatic growth in imprisonment rates, particularly imprisonment of African-American men, began during the 70s; the federal drug war and related laws were enacted in the next decade, with the punishment for usage and distribution of crack cocaine increased (The Establishment, 2016).
Nevertheless, despite these ……
References
Raymond Derrial Madden, Petitioner-appellant, v. United States of America, Respondent-appellee, 64 F.3d 669 (10th Cir. 1995)
Sepulveda v. United States, 69 F. Supp. 2d 633 (D.N.J. 1999)
United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Joanne Kwi Ye Estes, Defendant-appellant, 166 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir. 1998)
United States v. Madden, No. 92-6206 (10th Cir. Apr. 20, 1993), WL 332262 Books and article
Moore, R. (2017). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. Macat Library.
United States Congress. (1994). Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. Public law, (103-322).
Websites
The Establishment. (2016, April 12). About That Controversial 1994 Crime Bill. A Medium Corporation. Retrieved from https://medium.com/the-establishment/about-that-controversial-1994-crime-bill-c17ccfcc25fa
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… Frederick Douglass, writing in The Atlantic in 1866, stated that enfranchisement of the free black would only come if the federal government passed laws to protect the newly freed former slaves and brought the law of the North into the South. What happened, however, was something else … however, was something else entirely. The spirit of the south continued on: the Ku Klux Klan arose from the ashes of Sherman’s March. jim crow laws where Douglass had hoped to see Yankee law prevail. Reconstruction floundered and racism persisted. This paper will show how the goals of … the Southern resentment towards the Union, which had taken away the slaves and overturned the order. The Supreme Court did nothing to prevent jim crow from taking over as its……
Works Cited
A&E. “Carpetbaggers and Scalawags.” History, 2018. https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/carpetbaggers-and-scalawags
Douglass, Frederick. “Reconstruction.” The Atlantic, 1866. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1866/12/reconstruction/304561/
Guelzo, Allen. Reconstruction Didn\\\\'t Fail. It Was Overthrown. Time, 2018. http://time.com/5256940/reconstruction-failure-excerpt/
McBride, Alex. “Plessy v. Ferguson.” Thirteen, 2007. https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_plessy.html
Johnson, Andrew. “A Proclamation.” Digital History, 1865. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/section4/section4_pardon1.html
Lincoln, Abraham. Second Inaugural Address, 1865. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln2.asp
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… take their land, and lord it over them. This worldview became so ingrained in American culture that it led to the spirit of jim crow laws put in place—such as the “separate but equal” clause of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)—segregation and more oppression. The Civil Rights Movement drew … more oppression. The Civil Rights Movement drew attention to the plight of the African American but today there is evidence of a New jim crow responsible for the association of race with incarceration (Alexander 2012).
The Root of the Problem
Alexander (2012) notes that the mass incarceration of ……
References
Aguirre, A., & Baker, D. V. (Eds.). 2008. Structured inequality in the United States: Critical discussions on the continuing significance of race, ethnicity, and gender. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Alexander, Michelle. 2012. The New Jim Crow. New York: New Press.
Davis, Angela. 2012. The Meaning of Freedom. San Francisco: City Light Books.
James, Lois. 2018. The stability of implicit racial bias in police officers. Police Quarterly 21(1):0-52.
Lopez, German. 2018. There are huge racial disparities in how US police use force. Retrieved July 30, 2019 ( https://www.vox.com/identities/2016/8/13/17938186/police-shootings-killings-racism-racial-disparities ).
O’Sullivan, John. 1845. Annexation. United States Magazine and Democratic Review 17(1):5-10.
Pettit, Becky, and Bruce Western. 2004. Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in US incarceration." American sociological review 69(2):151-169.
Plessy v. Ferguson. 1896. Retrieved July 30, 2019 ( https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/163us537 ).
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… to its race relations.
The historical significance of the Mississippi Black Code of 1865 is that it helped to institutionalize the era of jim crow—a time when blacks, who were supposed to be treated as free and equal, continued to be oppressed and harassed by unfair social doctrines. … as free and equal, continued to be oppressed and harassed by unfair social doctrines. The Black Code was an explicit example of the jim crow mentality that proliferated in the South. For example, Article 3, Section 2 of the Black Code forbade the unlawful assembly of blacks (whatever ……
Works Cited
King, Jr., Martin Luther. “Letter from Birmingham Jail.” 1963.
The Mississippi Black Code of 1865.
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...Jim crow laws Racial injustice is a part of American history. In spite of legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, racial injustice remains rampant in the United States. Police brutality is one of the most visible areas in which racial injustice manifests itself. The murder of George Floyd was only one of many similar instances, the majority of which go unreported due to the “blue wall of silence” in police culture. Even if poor leadership in policing is more to blame than racism itself, the fact that black males experience a disproportionate number of such instances and are also stopped and arrested more often than their white counterparts, shows that racial bias is endemic in American society.
This sample essay provides an example of how to write about racial equality and justice in America. Several topics will be discussed in this essay, including George Floyd and the riots in Minneapolis. A……
References
Black Lives Matter (2020). Retrieved from: https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
Cole, B. (2020). Minnesota asks Trump to declare ‘major disaster’ over riots damage. Newsweek. 3 July, 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.newsweek.com/minnesota-riots-tim-walz-clean-george-floyd-1515335
Glover, S., Richards, C., Devine, C., et al. (2020). A key miscalculation by officers contributed to the tragic death of Breonna Taylor. CNN. 23 July, 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/23/us/breonna-taylor-police-shooting-invs/index.html
“History of Juneteenth,” (2020). juneteenth.com. Retrieved from: https://www.juneteenth.com/history.htm
Ray, R. (2020). What does ‘defund the police’ mean and does it have merit? Brookings. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/06/19/what-does-defund-the-police-mean-and-does-it-have-merit/
“Seven Things You Need to Know About Antifa,” (2020). BBC. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/X56rQkDgd0qqB7R68t6t7C/seven-things-you-need-to-know-about-antifa
“Who Are Antifa?” (2020). ADL. Retrieved from : https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/who-are-antifa
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… “Linconia” (Guelzo, 2000). The 13th Amendment officially ended slavery everywhere in the US, but it did not establish equal rights for blacks and jim crow laws up in numerous states. It would be another century before the Civil Rights Act would finally ensure protection under the law for ……
References
Declaration of Independence. (1776). Retrieved from http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/compare.html
Guelzo, A. C. (2000). Lincoln and the Abolitionists. The Wilson Quarterly, 24(4), 58-70.
O’Sullivan, J. (1845). Annexation. United States Magazine and Democratic Review, 17(1), 5-10.
Paine, T. (1791). The rights of man. Retrieved from https://www.ushistory.org/Paine/rights/
Van Voris, J. (1996). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life. New York City: Feminist Press at CUNY.
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… early 20th century, which “came to be seen as a discriminatory and exploitive labor system, on a par with black sharecropping in the jim crow south,” (Massey, 1986, p. 2). Another major piece of legislation that impacted immigration policies in the United States was the Hart-Cellar Act/Immigration and … alien” came into common use, transforming public perceptions and attitudes towards newcomers.
Juan is too young to remember how past immigration policies and laws in the United States might have impacted his community. Yet he completely understands…[break]…his family’s experience. Finally, segmented assimilation takes socioeconomic class into account. ……
References
Fox, C. & Guglielmo, T.A. (2012). Defining America’s racial boundaries: Blacks, Mexicans, and European Immigrants, 1890–1945. American Journal of Sociology 118(2) (September 2012): 327-379.
Gonzales, R. G. (2011). Learning to be illegal: Undocumented youth and shifting legal contexts in the transition to adulthood. American Sociological Review 76(4) (AUGUST 2011): 602-619
Huntington, S.P. (2009). The Hispanic challenge. Foreign Policy, 28 Oct, 2009.
Jones-Correa, M. (2012). Contested ground. Transatlantic Council on Migration. July 2012.
Massey, D. S. (1986). The social organization of Mexican Migration to the United States.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 48(7):, Vol. 487, Immigration and American Public Policy (Sep., 1986): 102-113?
Massey, D. S. (n.d.). What were the paradoxical consequences of militarizing the border with Mexico?
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… These tin pot dictators have determined a collective course of action, agreed upon behind closed doors, and have issued their executive decisions, making laws left and right that limit your freedom and curtail your civil liberties. They have robbed from you your very right to work, to … since the Emancipation Declaration, it has been their intention to renew the institution of slavery by hook or by crook. It is why jim crow followed immediately thereupon. It is why people in the East are wage slaves for companies like Nike and Apple. It is why so ……
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