Healthcare Costs Essays (Examples)
Study Document
Shareholder Vs Stakeholder Theory
...Healthcare costs Introduction
Milton Friedman’s quote gets to the heart of the conflict between shareholder theory vs. stakeholder theory. Shareholder theory posits that a corporation’s sole responsibility is to maximize the return on investment (ROI) for shareholders. Stakeholder theory posits, on the other hand, that a company owes a duty to all stakeholders (not just shareholders)—members of the community, workers, consumers; in short, anyone who is part of or who is impacted in some way by the company. The question is: Do corporations exist only to serve the interests of shareholders or do they also have a responsibility to serve stakeholders as well? This paper will answer that question by looking at the nature and essence of business social responsibility from the standpoint of the four major sources of ethical values in business: Law, Culture, Philosophy, and Religion. It will show that in today’s business environment, stakeholder theory needs to be pursued……
References
References
Augustine. (n.d.). Commentaries on Sermon on the Mount. http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/16011.htm
Chen, J. (2019). Market Milestones as the Bull Market Turns 10. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/market-milestones-as-the-bull-market-turns-10-4588903
Egan, M. (2018). Tax cut triggers $437 billion explosion of stock buybacks. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2018/07/10/investing/stock-buybacks-record-tax-cuts/index.html
Henrich, S. (2019). Unholy alliance. Retrieved from https://northmantrader.com/2019/11/30/unholy-alliance/
Laux, C., & Leuz, C. (2010). Did fair-value accounting contribute to the financial crisis?. Journal of economic perspectives, 24(1), 93-118.
Light, L. (2019). More than Half of All Stock Buybacks are Now Financed by Debt. Here’s Why That’s a Problem. Retrieved from https://fortune.com/2019/08/20/stock-buybacks-debt-financed/
Mullen, C. (2019). People want to buy \\\\\\'local\\\\\\' food, but they\\\\\\'re not sure what it means. Retrieved from https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2019/05/people-want-to-buy-local-food-but-theyre-not-sure.html?page=all
Putka, G. (2019). Insiders are selling. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/company-insiders-are-selling-stock-during-buyback-programs-and-making-additional-profits-when-stock-prices-jump-and-its-legal/2019/11/06/fc592f58-e493-11e9-a331-2df12d56a80b_story.html
Study Document
Labor Market Wages And Income Inequality
… easing in response to the global economic crisis of 2007-2008, asset prices have increased exponentially—whether one is looking at the S&P 500, housing costs, healthcare costs, education costs, or even precious metals (which are known for tracking inflation). Now, with the President calling for rate cuts and the Fed responding with ……
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References
BBC. (2019). US economy under Trump: Is it the greatest in history? Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45827430
Bernstein, J. (2019). A tight job market is a potent force against inequality and wage stagnation. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/02/01/tight-job-market-is-potent-force-against-inequality-wage-stagnation/?utm_term=.0a531cf24efb
Cox, J. (2019). Private payroll growth tops estimates as job market shows signs of tightening. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/31/private-payrolls-up-156k-in-july-vs-150k-est-adpmoodys.html
Harwood, J. (2019). 5 reasons why income inequality has become a major political issue. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/05/5-reasons-income-inequality-has-become-a-major-political-issue.html
Study Document
Israel And United States
… overstretched and exhausted citizens” (p. 1). The taxpayers of the U.S. are already stretched so thin, as the cost of living rises—health care costs going up, education costs going up, housing costs going up, and so on. To see their tax money going to support an apartheid state that is ethnically cleansing the region is ……
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References
Facione, P. (2006). Critical thinking: what it is and why it counts. Insight Assessments.
Hooks, B. (1999). Black looks: Race and representation. South End Press.
Human Rights Watch. (2018). Israel and Palestine. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/israel/palestine
Johnson, S. A. (2011). Women, Shared Leadership, and Policy: The Mano River Women's Peace Network Case Study. Journal of Pan African Studies, 4(8).
Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel lobby and US foreign policy. Macmillan.
Richards, R. (2010). Everyday creativity. The Cambridge handbook of creativity, 189-215.
Sharp, J. (2018). U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf
Verhaeghe, P. (2014). Neoliberalism has brought out the worst in us. The Guardian. Annotated Bibliography
Study Document
Indigenous Health Of Australians Closing The Gap Prime Ministers
...Healthcare costs 1. Introduction
Early 2008, representatives from indigenous health organizations, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, and the commonwealth government of Australia, signed an agreement that was meant to ensure that all the relevant stakeholders cooperate to ensure indigenous and non-indigenous Australians have equality in life expectancy and health status by 2030 (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 2008).
For quite a long time, it has been known that indigenous people in Australia have a disadvantage in terms of health. Many organizations and activists have over the years been trying to bridge the gap in health status between them and non-indigenous Australians and the signing of the agreement was a huge milestone that served two purposes. It raised public awareness on the matter and it helped to lay down plan for the achievement of parity in health status (Pholi, Black, & Richards, 2009).
The plan behind achieving health……
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Bibliography
AIHW. (2011, May 5). Life expectancy and mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Retrieved from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/life-expectancy-and-mortality-of-aboriginal-and-to/contents/summary
AIHW. (2019, July 17). Deaths in Australia. Retrieved from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/life-expectancy-death/deaths/contents/life-expectancy
Altman, J. C., Biddle, N., & Hunter, B. H. (2009). Prospects for ‘Closing the Gap’ in Cocioeconomic Outcomes for Indigenous Australians? Australian Economic History Review, 49(3), 225-251.
Biddle, N. (2019, February 14). Four lessons from 11 years of Closing the Gap reports. Retrieved from The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/four-lessons-from-11-years-of-closing-the-gap-reports-111816
Biddle, N., & Taylor, J. (2012). Demographic Consequences of the ‘Closing the Gap’ Indigenous Policy in Australia. Popul Res Policy Rev, 31, 571–585.
COAG. (n.d.). National Indigenous Reform Agreement. Council of Australian Governments.
Crikey. (2012, September 25). Black government expenditure — it’s a white thing. Retrieved from Crikey: https://www.crikey.com.au/2012/09/25/black-government-expenditure-its-a-white-thing/
Department of Prime Miniter and the Cabinet. (2008). Closing the Gap-Prime Minister\\\\\\'s report 2018. Australian Government.
Study Document
Examining The Different Types Of Original Medicare Coverage
...Healthcare costs Retirement Planning
1. Most Americans over the age of 65 have the ability to enroll in Medicare part A and Medicare part B. Medicare Part A is what is known as “hospital insurance”, and “helps pay for inpatient care in a hospital or limited time at a skilled nursing facility (following a hospital stay). Part A also pays for some health care and hospice care”, according to the Social Security Administration.
The Medicare website outlines some specific things within each of these broad categories. For example, under hospital care Medicare Part A covers semi-private rooms, meals, general nursing, drugs as part of your inpatient treatment, and other hospital services and supplies.
In a skilled nursing care unit, you are covered for meals, semi-private room, skilled nursing care, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology services, medications, medical social services, medical supplies and equipment used in the facility, ambulance transportation, dietary counseling,……
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References
Medicare.gov (2020) Website, various pages. Medicare.gov. Retrieved April 10, 2020 from https://www.medicare.gov
Social Security Administration. (no date). Website, various pages. SSA.gov. Retrieved April 10, 2020 from https://www.ssa.gov
Study Document
End Of Life Decision Making Ethics
...Healthcare costs Introduction
When a family has to decide how much is too much, as Plakovic (2016) puts it during end-of-life care, there is a clear ethical dilemma that crops up for family members and care providers. That dilemma is related to the issue of how to approach end-of-life treatment. For instance, some individual have strict preferences when it comes to whether or not they want to be resuscitated or kept alive by a machine. Others have no instructions set aside before hand for care providers and family to go by. The ethical dilemma is complicated by the fact that care providers have an oath to care for all life—but at the end-of-the-life, what is the line between postponing the inevitable inhumanely and giving as much humane care as is possible? That blurred line is a complicated one to walk. The two major points that this paper will address when it comes……
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References
Bronzino, J. D., & Peterson, D. R. (2016). Bene?cence, Nonmale?cence, and Medical Technology. In Tissue Engineering and Artificial Organs (pp. 1259-1266). CRC Press.
Garrido, M. M., Balboni, T. A., Maciejewski, P. K., Bao, Y., & Prigerson, H. G. (2015). Quality of life and cost of care at the end of life: the role of advance directives. Journal of pain and symptom management, 49(5), 828-835.
Karnik, S., & Kanekar, A. (2016). Ethical issues surrounding end-of-life care: a narrative review. In Healthcare (Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 24). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
Marijic, P., Buss, A., & Strupeit, S. (2017). Autonomy and social participation of nursing home residents: nurses’perspectives. Innovation in Aging, 1(Suppl 1), 886.
Plakovic, K. (2016). Burdens Versus Benefits: When Family Has to Decide How Much Is Too Much. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 18(5), 382-387.
Sen, A. (1983). Evaluator relativity and consequential evaluation. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 113-132.
Weissman, D. E. (1999). Do not resuscitate orders: a call for reform. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 2(2), 149-152.
Yuen, J. K., Reid, M. C., & Fetters, M. D. (2011). Hospital do-not-resuscitate orders: why they have failed and how to fix them. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(7), 791-797.
Study Document
Strengths Based Approach For Depression
… able to further guide and promote recovery of patients in collaboration with patients and their family members, whilst simultaneously supporting resiliency. Hence, the healthcare system responds better to individual patient families' distinctive needs, empowering them to deal with their own healthcare needs.
Health Promotion
The process of health promotion entails enabling individuals to better control and improve their personal health. It is an all-encompassing … struggling with finances and doesn't know what to do and how to handle things without Aaron. She struggles with simple grocery and rent costs and is wondering how to work things out the next month. Her relationship with Aaron's mother is strained. Further, a delayed period causes ……
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References
Ditton, L. (2015). Depression Treatment: Strengths-based Approaches. Available at http://www.esteempsychology.com.au
Gan, C., & Ballantyne, M. (2016). Brain injury family intervention for adolescents: A solution-focused approach. NeuroRehabilitation, 38(3), 231-241.
Gottlieb, L. (2014). Strengths-based nursing: A holistic approach to care, grounded in eight core values. American Journal of Nursing, 114(8), 24-32.
Liu, R. T., Kleiman, E., Nestor, B., Cheek, S. (2015). The Hopelessness Theory of Depression: A Quarter Century in Review. Clin Psychol, 22(4), 345-365. DOI:10.1111/cpsp.12125.
Swartz, M. K. (2017). A Strength-Based Approach to Care. J Pediatr Health Care, 31, 1-1. Available at https://www.jpedhc.org/article/S0891-5245(16)30281-4/pdf
World Health Organization. (1998). Health Promotion Glossary. World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/about/HPR%20Glossary%201998.pdf?ua=1
Xie, H. (2013). Strengths-Based Approach for Mental Health Recovery. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 7(2), 5-10. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3939995/
Study Document
COVID 19 In South Africa Nigeria And Swaziland
...Healthcare costs Literature Review on Coping Through The Use Of Informal Institutions during COVID 19 in South Africa, Nigeria, and Swaziland
The institutional theory deals with the outlines, regulations, standards, and procedures that are formulated in the institutions as commanding instructions for social behavior. This theory gives an understanding of how institutions are shaped, and the societal norms and frameworks are informed to all people of an organization. Communication is the sole indicator of how organizations are formulated with the help of formal rules and regulations, as that would reflect how they are conversed across all levels of the firm and in what way people are obeying them. This would ultimately build an organizational culture for coping with social and political issues. The informal institutions are socially shared instructions, typically unwritten, that are formed, transferred and imposed outside the official boundaries (Torniainen & Sasstamoinen, 2007), for example, giving tips to the food……
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References
Coelho, A. (2019). The role of informal institutions in the enforcement of rules and how to improve corporate and public governance in Brazil: Studies based on a set of corporate governance cases involving state-owned companies (Working Paper). Retrieved from SSRN website https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3434037
Dacin, M.T., Goodstein, J. & Scott, W.R. (2002). Institutional theory and institutional change: Introduction to the special research forum. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 45- 47. DOI: 10.2307/3069284
Escandon-Barbosa, D.M., Urbano, D., Hurtado-Ayala, A., Paramo, J.S. & Dominguez, A.Z. (2019). Formal institutions, informal institutions, and entrepreneurial activity: A comparative relationship between rural and urban areas in Colombia. Journal of Urban Management, 8(3), 458-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2019.06.002
Estrin, S. & Prevezer, M. (2010). The role of informal institutions in corporate governance: Brazil, Russia, India, and China compared. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28, 41- 67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-010-9229-1
Kaufmann, W., Hooghiemstra, R. & Feeney, M.K. (2018). Formal institutions, informal institutions, and red tape: A comparative study. Public Administration, 96(2), 386-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12397
Meluch, A.L. (2016, August). Understanding the organizational and institutional origins of social support in a cancer support center. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=kent1466944822&disposition=inline
Torniainen, T.J. & Sasstamoinen, O.J. (2007). Formal and informal institutions and their hierarchy in the regulation of the forest lease in Russia. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 80(5), 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpm033
Study Document
Contaminated Lead Water The Effects In Newark
… be very useful in helping Newark reduce its lead contamination problem which has done a lot of harm to the community. Thus, reducing costs spent on healthcare as a result of drinking lead contaminated water.
Recommendation
There is an urgent need for this bill to be fully enforced. Moreover, each ……
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References
Hanna-Attisha, M., LaChance, J., Sadler, R. C., & Champney Schnepp, A. (2016). Elevated blood lead levels in children associated with the Flint drinking water crisis: a spatial analysis of risk and public health response. American journal of public health, 106(2), 283-290.( https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003 )
Jasey, N. (2019). Assembly Higher Education Hearing (19:00 1/17/2019 A-4866( https://www.billtrack50.com/BillDetail/918815 )
Kiefer, E. (2018). Newark Hands Out Thousands Of Lead Water Filters After Lawsuit ( https://patch.com/new-jersey/newarknj/newark-hands-out-thousands-lead-water-filters-after-lawsuit )
Leyden, L. (2018). A Water Crisis in Newark Brings New Worries (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/nyregion/newark-drinking-water-lead.html)
Panico, R. (2019). Newark Exceeds Lead Levels Again, Receives 3 Other Water Violations ( https://www.tapinto.net/towns/newark/articles/newark-exceeds-lead-levels-again-receives-3-other-water-violations )
Sax, S. (2018). HOW NEWARK GOT LEAD IN ITS WATER, AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE REST OF AMERICA. ( https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/yw7kyb/how-newark-got-lead-in-its-water-and-what-it-means-for-the-rest-of-america )
Sol, M. W. (2019). The lead in Newark’s drinking water has hit a \\\\'jaw dropping’ high level, tests show (NJ Advance Media for NJ.com) ( https://www.nj.com/news/2019/01/the-lead-in-newarks-drinking-water-supply-has-hit-a-jaw-dropping-high-level-tests-show.html )
Wani, A. L., Ara, A., & Usmani, J. A. (2015). Lead toxicity: a review. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 8(2), 55-64.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961898/ )
Study Document
Cholelithiasis Gallstones Gallbladder Disease
… is the most common type of gallbladder disease. It affects over 20 million Americans every year, translating to over $6.3 billion in direct costs. Generally, gallstones are asymptomatic. The stones are usually identified during autopsy or a surgical procedure of an unrelated condition. The condition is the ……
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References
Anderson, P. O., Knoben, J. E., & Troutman, W. G. (2010). Clinical drug data. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
Al-alem, F., Mattar, R. E., Madkhali, A., Alsharabi, A., Alsaif, F., & Hassanain, M. (April 26, 2017). Incidental Gallbladder Cancer.
Borzellino, G., & Cordiano, C. (2008). Biliary lithiasis: Basic science, current diagnosis, and management. Milan: Springer.
Bullock, ., Shane, ., & Hales, . (2012). Principles of Pathophysiology. Sydney: P. Ed Australia.
In Agresta, F., In Campanile, F. C., & In Vettoretto, N. (2014). Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An Evidence-based Guide.
In Cox, M. R., In Eslick, G. D., & In Padbury, R. (2018). The management of gallstone disease: A practical and evidence-based approach.
In Wang, D. Q.-H., & In Portincasa, P. A. M. (2017). Gallstones: Recent advances in epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management.
Jugenheimer, M., Immenroth, M., Berg, T., & Brenner, J. (2008). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Heidelberg: Springer.
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