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Psychological Test There Have Been Many Definitions Essay
Psychological Test
There have been many definitions of a test. For example, Kline (1993, P. 16) defines a psychological test as a standardized measure of behavior. Hogan (2007, p.41) considers such definitions lacking and instead offers a more comprehensive definition, "A test is a standardized process or device that yields information about a sample of behavior or cognitive processes in a quantified manner."
Categories of Psychological Tests
According to Hogan (2007) there are five categories of psychological tests. The first category consists of mental ability tests (Hogan, 2007, p. 5). Mental abilities can include a wide variety of cognitive functions such as memory of creative thinking, but most often these are classified as intelligence tests. These tests can be administered in individually, in groups, or other formats. One of the most common individual mental ability tests is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -- IV (WAIS-IV), whereas Hogan (p. 5) states that a group mental ability test is the Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT). These tests can be used by clinicians, researchers, academic placement services and many others. Mental ability tests are most often used to measure certain cognitive functions in people (such as the WAIS-IV) or to predict performance on another criterion (e.g., the SAT is used to predict college GPA).
The second category of psychological tests is achievement tests (Hogan, 2007, p. 6). These tests are designed to measure the level of knowledge or skill in a particular area that a person has. Of course college classroom tests would be an example here but there are also a number of standardized achievement tests used for this purpose such as the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. The subcategories of these tests include achievement batteries (many skills), single subject tests, certification and licensing tests, government sponsored tests, and individual achievement tests. These tests are administered by educators, administrators, clinicians, state officials, and others to assess certain skills, predict performances, provide certification, or develop learning programs.
The third category of tests is personality tests (Hogan, 2007, p. 7). The first subcategory of these tests is objective tests. Objective tests are scored in an objective fashion such as a true/false format like the MMPI. Questions are straightforward and allow for specific answers. The other category of personality tests is projective tests, which often consist of ambiguous stimuli and the respondent "projects" their feelings or emotions in the interpretation of the test stimuli as in the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Personality tests are most often administered by clinicians and sometimes administrators of companies. They are used in clinical decisions such as diagnosis and treatment planning, research, and sometimes in hiring or promotion decisions.
The fourth category of psychological tests includes vocational or interest, or attitude tests (Hogan, 2007, p. 8). These tests, such as the Strong Interest Inventory, measure relevant interests of the person and are…
Sample Source(s) Used
References
Kline, P. (1993). The handbook of psychological testing. New York: Routledge.
Hogan, T.P. (2007). Psychological testing: A practical introduction (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ:
Wiley.
Urbina, S. (2004). Essentials of psychological testing. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
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