Positive Reinforcement Essays (Examples)
Study Document
Observation Portfolio Classroom Of Special Education
… to fill in the blank questions in the document.
The behavioral strategy that I observed the host teacher using on most occasions was positive reinforcement (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2018). That is strengthening a behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding, thus making it more likely … in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” .It is also known as mental retardation.
Learning considerations for students with intellectual disabilities often include reinforcement and systematic instruction. Systematic instruction refers to the teaching method that is repeatable and learnable through step by step procedure (Hallahan et al., … a plan. The plan should incorporate student special needs, ability and interests, subject matter to be taught, and instructional materials to be used. reinforcement involves the use of either token or verbal praise following a desired behavior. I observed the host teacher using praises such as “good … and screaming, especially in……
References
References
Hallahan, D. P., Kauffman, J. M., & Pullen, P. C. (2018). Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education (14th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
Holley, D., & Park, S. (2017). LESSONS LEARNED AROUND THE BLOCK: AN ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH ON THE IMPACT OF BLOCK SCHEDULING ON SCIENCE TEACHING AND LEARNING. Retrieved from https://www.isres.org/books/chapters/Education_Research_Highlights_in_Mathematics_Science_and_Technology_2017_15_21-12-2017.pdf
Shabani, K., Khatib, M., & Ebadi, S. (2010, December). Vygotsky\\\\\\'s Zone of Proximal Development: Instructional Implications and Teachers\\\\\\' Professional Development. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1081990.pdf
Study Document
Strengths And Weaknesses Of Various Organizational Behavior Theories
… importance to a business. In addition, an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of each of these three theories as well as the positive and negative ways that the theories impact the workforce behavior of organizations. Finally, in the context of Air India, the paper presents a … your leadership, although awareness of them is important to managing them so they don't stand in the way of those who hold more positive and helpful forms of power. Coercive power caused by his/her ability to exert negative influence using punishment and threats
Legitimate
Those with legitimate … their ability to reward others for doing what they're supposed to do. Reward is not always financial and comes in the form of positive reinforcement or cheering others on.
Referent
This type of power comes through the ability to relate with others and practice incredible relational skills in ……
References
References
‘About Air India.’ Air India. [online] available: http://www.airindia.in/about-airindia.htm .
Arena, MJ ‘Understanding Large Group Intervention Processes: A Complexity Theory Perspective.’ Organization Development Journal, 27, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 49-53
Braunstein, JR and Zhang, JJ ‘Dimensions of Athletic Star Power Associated with Generation Y Sports Consumption.’ International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 6, no. 4 (July 2005): 242-245.
Buble, M and Juras, A ‘The Relationship between Managers\\' Leadership Styles and Motivation.’ Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 19, no. 1 (June 2014): 161-165.
French, JRP & Raven, B ‘Bases of power.’ In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in Social Power (pp. 150-167). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 1959.
Gruia, GC and Kavan, M ‘An Off-Line Dual Maximum Resource Bin Packing Model for Solving the Maintenance Problem in the Aviation Industry.’ Global Economic Observer, 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 135-140.
Hillman, AJ, Withers, MC and Collins, BJ ‘Resource dependence theory: A Review.’ Journal of Management, 35, no. 6 (2009): 1404-1427.
Jain, AK ‘Organizational Citizenship Behaviour as a Potential Source of Social Power.’ Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 45, no. 3 (January 2010): 396-401.
Study Document
Educational Leadership Encouraging The Heart
… as well as celebrating the values and victories of the community. From an educational standpoint, this is particularly meaningful regarding the principle of positive reinforcement. Quite simply, if people experience a positive reward, including verbal praise for their excellence, this creates the desire to replicate the praised action. Teaching can often be a very lonely ……
References
Reference
Kouzes, J. & Posner, B. (2017). The leadership challenge (6th ed.). Hoboken, N: John Wiley and Sons.
Study Document
Comparison Of Leadership Model And Styles
… the second. I will start by asking how everything is going and what the challenges of the day are. I will then give positive reinforcement, using positive psychology to make them feel inspired and empowered, believing they can overcome all obstacles and challenges to succeed (Reivich, Seligman & McBride, 2011).
……
References
References
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370.
Nawaz, Z. A. K. D. A., & Khan_ PhD, I. (2016). Leadership theories and styles: A literature review. Leadership, 16, 1-7.
Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage Publications.
Reivich, K. J., Seligman, M. E., & McBride, S. (2011). Master resilience training in the US Army. American Psychologist, 66(1), 25.
Warrick, D. D. (2011). The urgent need for skilled transformational leaders: Integrating transformational leadership and organization development. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 8(5), 11-26
Study Document
Impact Of Phobias
...Positive reinforcement Abstract
Phobias are a kind of anxiety disorder that can make an individual to experience extreme irrational fear regarding a situation, object, or living creature. Phobias should not be confused with normal fears since phobias are linked to a particular situation or object and they are persistent for 6 or more months. In this paper, we will describe what a phobia is and offer the differentiation of phobias from normal fear. We will then provide the diagnosis criteria for phobias as indicated in the DSM-5 manual. The 4Ds will be analyzed as they relate to phobia and the models of abnormality will be discussed. Treatment, history, culture, and prognosis will form the later part of the paper.
Description
According to Sutherland, Middleton, Ornstein, Lawson, and Vickers (2016) a phobia is defined as a type of anxiety disorder that makes an individual experience extreme irrational fear about a living creature, situation,……
References
References
Campos, D., Mira, A., Bretón-López, J., Castilla, D., Botella, C., Baños, R. M., & Quero, S. (2018). The acceptability of an internet-based exposure treatment for flying phobia with and without therapist guidance: patients’ expectations, satisfaction, treatment preferences, and usability. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 14, 879.
Carleton, R. N., Thibodeau, M. A., Weeks, J. W., Teale Sapach, M. J. N., McEvoy, P. M., Horswill, S. C., & Heimberg, R. G. (2014). Comparing short forms of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Psychological assessment, 26(4), 1116-1126. doi:10.1037/a0037063
Erceg-Hurn, D. M., & McEvoy, P. M. (2018). Bigger is better: Full-length versions of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale outperform short forms at assessing treatment outcome. Psychological assessment, 30(11), 1512-1526. doi:10.1037/pas0000601
Goetter, E. M., Frumkin, M. R., Palitz, S. A., Swee, M. B., Baker, A. W., Bui, E., & Simon, N. M. (2018). Barriers to mental health treatment among individuals with social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Psychological Services, No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified. doi:10.1037/ser0000254
Halldorsdottir, T., & Ollendick, T. H. (2016). Long-term outcomes of brief, intensive CBT for specific phobias: The negative impact of ADHD symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(5), 465-471. doi:10.1037/ccp0000088
Hirsch, J. A. (2018). Integrating Hypnosis with Other Therapies for Treating Specific Phobias: A Case Series. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 60(4), 367-377.
Leitenberg, H., Agras, W. S., Barlow, D. H., & Oliveau, D. C. (1969). Contribution of selective positive reinforcement and therapeutic instructions to systematic desensitization therapy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74(1), 113-118. doi:10.1037/h0027063
Probst, T., Berger, T., Meyer, B., Späth, C., Schröder, J., Hohagen, F., . . . Klein, J. P. (2019). Social phobia moderates the outcome in the EVIDENT study: A randomized controlled trial on an Internet-based psychological intervention for mild to moderate depressive symptoms [Press release]
Study Document
Cognitive Theory Clinical Social Work Practice
...Positive reinforcement 1. How does this theory fit with a clinical social work perspective?
Continuous concern with the individual in-situation is often regarded as social work’s most unique or distinguishing feature. In spite of the debate on where emphasis should be placed, both internal psychodynamics and environmental determinism are regarded as important for proper social work practice. Recent contributions made to the theoretical groundwork by cognitive-behavioral studies show that both needs can be dealt with simultaneously. Social work practice is anchored on the important, perhaps pivotal, notion that overall human behavior is usually the sum of both environmental and personal realities. Though yet to be developed thoroughly into a formal and widely accepted paradigm, the cognitive learning perspective draws from several perspectives including clinical experience, behaviorism, and cognitive psychology (Berlin, 1987).
According to the Code of Ethics published by the National Association of Social Workers (1996), there is a need to respect……
References
Bibliography
Adefolalu, A. O. (2018). Cognitive-behavioural theories and adherence: Application and relevance in antiretroviral therapy. South Afr J HIV Med., 762.
Bandura A. Organizational applications of social cognitive theory. Aust J Manage. 1988;13(2):275–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/031289628801300210 [Google Scholar]
Berlin, S. B. (1987). Cognitive behavioral interventions for social work practice. National Association of Social Workers, Inc.
Gitterman, A., & Heller, N. (2011). Integrating Social Work Perspectives and Models with Concepts, Methods and Skills with Other Professions’ Specialized Approaches. Clinical Social Work Journal, 204-211.
Gonzalez-Prendes, A. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral practice and social work values: A critical analysis. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics.
National Association of Social Workers. (1996). Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://www.naswdc.org/pubs/code/code.asp.
Nevill, D. (2014). Positive Interventions: Developing a Theoretical Model to Guide Their Development and Use. Master of Applied Positive Psychology (MAPP) Capstone Projects.
Parks, A. C., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2013). Positive interventions: Past, present, and future. In T. Kashdan & J. Ciarrochi (Eds.), Mindfulness, acceptance, and positive psychology: The seven foundations of well-being (pp.140-165). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications
Study Document
Social Skills Training With Autism In Secondary Classroom
...Positive reinforcement Introduction
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) usually have a difficulty relating socially to others. The social difficulties they face are among the major symptoms of ASD. Persons with ASD who do not show considerable language or cognitive delays e.g. individuals diagnosed with high functioning autism or Asperger syndrome, usually make significant progress when put through certain interventions. Significant progress to the extent that they improve in terms of communication. However, even with interventions, social difficulties usually remain and may sometimes end up impacting the vocational or academic success of such individuals later in life. Even individuals with autism who have higher or average intelligence usually find it difficult to overcome social difficulties and to communicate in a manner that observes all the unwritten rules of conversation and social interactions (Radley, O’Handley & Sabey, 2017). For example, an individual diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders may not always say the right……
References
References
Adams, C., Lockton, E., Freed, J., Gaile, J., Earl, G., McBean, K., ... & Law, J. (2012). The Social Communication Intervention Project: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of speech and language therapy for school?age children who have pragmatic and social communication problems with or without autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 47(3), 233-244.
Adams, C., Lockton, E., Freed, J., Gaile, J., Earl, G., McBean, K., Nash, M., Green, J., Vail, A., and Law, J. (2011). An evidence-based program for school, & aged children: Social communication intervention project. Research report. Uppsala: Inst.
American Psychological Association (APA) (2006). Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology. American Psychologist, 61(4), 271–285. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.271
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Bmj, 315(7109), 629-634.
Higgins, J. P., & Green, S. (Eds.). (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (Vol. 4). John Wiley & Sons.
Hutchins, N. S., Burke, M. D., Bowman-Perrott, L., Tarlow, K. R., & Hatton, H. (2019). The Effects of Social Skills Interventions for Students With EBD and ASD: A Single-Case Meta-Analysis. Behavior modification, 0145445519846817.
Radley, K. C., O’Handley, R. D., & Sabey, C. V. (2017). Social Skills Training for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. In Handbook of Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder (pp. 231-254). Springer, Cham.
Study Document
Anxiety And Depression Treatment Through Mindfulness
Abnormal Psychology Questions
Q1. According to your text please describe how negative reinforcement increases the avoidance behaviors often associated with anxiety.
Negative reinforcement refers to the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus to reward behavior. Using operant conditioning in a laboratory experiment, this might be accomplished by … to be sensible on the one hand, on the other hand it can result in the anxious individual becoming socially withdrawn or avoiding positive life experiences because of the fear. For fears of very common things—such as driving—it can significantly impair the individual’s ability to engage in … the areas of greatest tension, exercise mindful relaxation over problem areas, and gave me a time to focus on myself and cultivating a positive mindset.
Q6. Provide one hallmark symptom of the following disorders:
a. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A sense of extreme self-consciousness, usually accompanied by low ……
References
References
Cameron, O.G. (2007). Understanding comorbid depression and anxiety, 24 (14). Retrieved from: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/anxiety/understanding-comorbid-depression-and- anxiety
Facts and Statistics. (2020). Anxiety and Depression Association of America. Retrieved from: https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics
Study Document
How Does Music And Live Music Affect Our Well Being
… can be generated by music include fear, sadness, and happiness (Goycoolea et al. 2013). Therefore, the mood-altering effect of music can either be positive (happiness) or negative (sadness). However, how music exactly affects emotion or mood is not so straightforward. While some music generally evokes same feelings … and can easily be ignored (Gold et al., 2013). While students who are not musically trained perform well in examinations when they play positive type of music since such music evokes positive mood and emotions without affecting the formation of memory. Therefore, while music affects memory, how exactly it does depends on the listener. If … In contrast, when the tempo was decreased, the researchers observed that the performance of the students decreased. This shows in clear terms that positive upbeat music can increase motivation and boost performance.
Conclusion
This paper investigated the effect of music on wellbeing. It found out……
References
References
Bottiroli, S., Rosi, A., Russo, R., Vecchi, T. and Cavallini, E., 2014. The cognitive effects of listening to background music on older adults: processing speed improves with upbeat music, while memory seems to benefit from both upbeat and downbeat music. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 6, p.284.
Ferguson, Y.L. and Sheldon, K.M., 2013. Trying to be happier really can work: Two experimental studies. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), pp.23-33.
Gold, B.P., Frank, M.J., Bogert, B. and Brattico, E., 2013. Pleasurable music affects reinforcement learning according to the listener. Frontiers in psychology, 4, p.541.
Goycoolea, M., Levy, R. and Ramírez, C., 2013. Central auditory processing. Are the emotional perceptions of those listening to classical music inherent in the composition or acquired by the listeners?. Acta oto-laryngologica, 133(4), pp.390-393.
Harmat, L., Takács, J. and Bodizs, R., 2008. Music improves sleep quality in students. Journal of advanced nursing, 62(3), pp.327-335.
Hole, J., Hirsch, M., Ball, E. and Meads, C., 2015. Music as an aid for postoperative recovery in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 386(10004), pp.1659-1671.
Ludke, K.M., Ferreira, F. and Overy, K., 2014. Singing can facilitate foreign language learning. Memory & cognition, 42(1), pp.41-52.
Onieva-Zafra, M.D., Castro-Sánchez, A.M., Matarán-Peñarrocha, G.A. and Moreno-Lorenzo, C., 2013. Effect of music as nursing intervention for people diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Pain Management Nursing, 14(2), pp.e39-e46.
Study Document
Assessment Of Clinical Practice
… and purpose of CBT. Godley & Passetti (2019) note that family-based, motivational, CBT-oriented approaches like the ones used here including the Adolescent Community reinforcement Approach have the “strongest empirical verification” for preventing relapse and ensuring long-term positive clinical outcomes (p. 1). Evidence-based practice norms require mental health workers to employ the latest empirically validated techniques, from specific CBT methods to ……
References
References
American Psychological Association (2007). Record keeping guidelines. American Psychologist 62(9): 993-1004.
Fadus, M.C., Squeglia, L.M., Valadez, E.A., et al. (2019). Adolescent substance use disorder treatment. Current Psychiatry Reports 21(96).
Godley, M.D., Passetti, L.L. (2019). Behavioral interventions for substance use and relapse prevention. Treating Adolescent Substance Use. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01893-1_6
Hogue, A., Bobek, M., MacLean, A., et al. (2020). Core elements of CBT for adolescent conduct and substance use problems. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice(2020): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2019.12.002
King, G. (2016). The Role of the Therapist in Therapeutic Change: How Knowledge From Mental Health Can Inform Pediatric Rehabilitation. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics, 37(2), 121–138. doi:10.1080/01942638.2016.1185508
Oud, M., de Winter, L., Verimeulen-Smit, E., et al. (2019). Effectiveness of CBT for children and adolescents with depression: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. European Psychiatry 57(2019): 33-45.
Rodriguez, M., Walters, S. T., Houck, J. M., Ortiz, J. A., & Taxman, F. S. (2017). The language of change among criminal justice clients: Counselor language, client language, and client substance use outcomes. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 626–636. doi:10.1002/jclp.22534
Shulman, L. (2011). Dynamics and skills of group counseling. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
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