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… the opioids are administered. The risks should also be documented if and when the dosage is increased?50 MME, and increasing dosage to ?90 morphine milligrams per day should be avoided. Otherwise, dosage titration to ?90 per day should be justified.
4. Avoid prescribing more than is needed
……
References
Breuer, B., Cruciani, R., & Portenoy, R. K. (2010). Pain management by primary care physicians, pain physicians, chiropractors, and acupuncturists: a national survey. Southern Medical Journal, 103(8), 738-747.
CDC, (2016). CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. Center for Preparedness and Response (CPR).
Cheatle, M. D., & Savage, S. R. (2012). Informed consent in opioid therapy: a potential obligation and opportunity. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 44(1), 105-116.
Dowell, D., Haegerich, T. M., & Chou, R. (2016). CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—the United States, 2016. Jama, 315(15), 1624-1645.
Hudspeth, R. S. (2016). Standards of care for opioid prescribing: What every APRN prescriber and investigator need to know. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 7(1), 15-20.
Study Document
… result in alcoholism owing to its direct impact upon the drinker's brain. The brain's nerve transmitters respond to this chemical (i.e., acetaldehyde), forming morphine-like compounds that can result in addiction.
Endocrine and digestive glands. Excessive alcohol consumption may lead…[break]…the body's mechanism that maintains bone strength. The habit ……
Bibliography
Foundation for a Drug-Free World. (2019). What is alcohol? Retrieved from https://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/alcohol.html
Healthline Media. (2019). The effects of alcohol on your body. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/alcohol/effects-on-body#1
Rehabs. (2019). Dangers of alcohol in men, women and teenagers. Retrieved from https://luxury.rehabs.com/alcohol-addiction/alcohol/
Study Document
...Morphine 1
The determining factors and the relationship between substance abuse and addiction include time, the build-up of tolerance, the development of craving, and the experience of withdrawal so that the individual no longer wants to ever be without the drug. One who abuses substances is likely to get into legal or social trouble; one who is addicted is one who no longer cares about the repercussions and cares only for the high that the substances promise (Doweiko, 2015).
In my own experience, abuse can turn into addiction as the will gradually gives in to the craving. For instance, I have seen people become alcoholics as they start off just enjoying alcohol. Then they begin enjoying it too much and they get a DUI. Then they realize that they need to straighten out their lives, but eventually things do not go well for them and they end up turning to alcohol……
References
Doweiko, H. E. (2015). Concepts of chemical dependency (9th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781285455136.
New International Version. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.biblestudytools.com/1-peter/5-10.html
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