Chronic Pain Essays (Examples)
Study Document
CDC Guideline For Prescribing Opioids For Chronic Pain
… the number of prescription opioids in the USA quadrupled. However, even with such an increase, there was no evidence of a reduction of pain the patients experienced. Instead, the number of deaths that resulted from overdoses of opioids increased in the same ratio as the increase in … the same ratio as the increase in prescription figures. The Center for Disease Control provides safety guidelines for the prescription of opioids for pain alleviation in persons aged 18 years and above, in settings outside medical care facilities such as palliative care centers, and end of life … centers, and end of life care points(CDC, 2016). This paper provides a summary of the CDC guidelines on the prescription of opioids for chronic pain relief and a regime plan for opioids as APRN.
Summary of main concepts
Determining when to start or proceed with opioids for chronic pain
1. Non-first line or……
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Breuer, B., Cruciani, R., & Portenoy, R. K. (2010). Pain management by primary care physicians, pain physicians, chiropractors, and acupuncturists: a national survey. Southern Medical Journal, 103(8), 738-747.
CDC, (2016). CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. Center for Preparedness and Response (CPR).
Cheatle, M. D., & Savage, S. R. (2012). Informed consent in opioid therapy: a potential obligation and opportunity. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 44(1), 105-116.
Dowell, D., Haegerich, T. M., & Chou, R. (2016). CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—the United States, 2016. Jama, 315(15), 1624-1645.
Hudspeth, R. S. (2016). Standards of care for opioid prescribing: What every APRN prescriber and investigator need to know. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 7(1), 15-20.
Study Document
Chronic GI GU Condition
chronic GI/GU Condition Case Studies
Scenario 1
The primary diagnosis in the present scenario would be gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The diagnosis in this … Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – NIDDK (2014), some of the symptoms associated with GERD include a “regular heartburn, a pain, burning feeling in the middle of your chest, behind your breastbone, and in the middle of your abdomen.” The 46-year-old male in this … that the 46-year-old has in this case been experiencing the symptoms for the past couple of months and as he points out, the pain in his mid-chest has worsened over the last few weeks. There is need to ensure that his esophagus heals by blocking acid production. ……
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References
Fisichella, P.M., Allaix, M.E., Morino, M. & Patti, M.G. (Eds.). (2014). Esophageal Diseases: Evaluation and Treatment. New York, NY: Springer.
Lacy, B.E. & Patel, B.K. (2017). Rome Criteria and a Diagnostic Approach to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Clin Med., 6(11), 95-101.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – NIDDK (2014). Symptoms & Causes of GER & GERD. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/symptoms-causes
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – NIDDK (2019). Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome
National Cancer Institute (2019). NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/benign-prostatic-hypertrophy
Study Document
Chronic And Acute Asthma
… in relation to asthma attacks. It should be noted, from the onset, that “an acute asthma attack occurs in the midst of the chronic disease of asthma” (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2019). Asthma does not have a cure. This effectively means that for those with the … as well as coughing episodes (Lynn, 2015).
In acute asthma, the airway obstruction mechanism that appears inherently predominant is acute bronchoconstriction. However, in chronic asthma, it should be noted that “the acute smooth muscle contraction producing narrowing of airways is complicated by the development of edema and … are not limited to, exposure to certain chemical irritants and related particles at the workplace. In such a case, an individual could develop chronic asthma. On the other hand, in as far as acute asthma is concerned, poor quality of air (mostly as a consequence of the … could result in an asthmatic……
References
References
Austen, F. & Lichtenstein, L.M. (Eds.). (2013). Asthma: Physiology, Immunopharmacology, and Treatment. New York, NY: Elsevier.
Higgins, J.C. (2003). The ‘Crashing Asthmatic’. Am Fam Physician, 67(5), 997-1004.
Lynn, S. (2015). Understanding Asthma Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Retrieved from https://www.americannursetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/ant7-Asthma-622.pdf
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute – NHLBI (2019). Asthma. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/asthma
U.S. National Library of Medicine (2019). Allergic Asthma. Retrieved from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/allergic-asthma#genes
Vasileiadis, I., Alevrakis, E., Amepelioti, S., Vigionas, D., Rovina, N. Koutsoukou, A. (2019). Acid-Base Disturbances in Patients with Asthma: A Literature Review and Comments on Their Pathophysiology. J Clin Med., 8(4), 563-567.
Study Document
Veterans Back Pain Exercise And Therapy
PICOT Question
Introduction
Low back pain is a common health challenge for both active and former military service members. Among the military veterans, low back pain places higher risk and has been indicated to be bear the potential for long-term disability (Bagg et al., 2017). There is a lack … the potential for long-term disability (Bagg et al., 2017). There is a lack of effective treatment strategies, and thus, military veterans rely on pain management strategies and other medical strategies, e.g., medical imaging, opioids, injections, and surgery. To both the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department … To both the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA), the costs of care for members with low back pain have been on the rise; necessitating the need for research on the effectiveness of some of the available methods for treating and managing … on the rise; necessitating……
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Bagg, M. K., Hübscher, M., Rabey, M., Wand, B. M., O’Hagan, E., Moseley, G. L., ... & O’Connell, N. E. (2017). The RESOLVE Trial for people with chronic low back pain: protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Journal of physiotherapy, 63(1), 47-48.
Chou, R., Deyo, R., Friedly, J., Skelly, A., Hashimoto, R., Weimer, M., ... & Grusing, S. (2017). Nonpharmacologic therapies for low back pain: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Annals of internal medicine, 166(7), 493-505.
Dehghan, M., & FarahbOD, F. (2014). The efficacy of thermotherapy and cryotherapy on pain relief in patients with acute low back pain, a clinical trial study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 8(9), LC01.
Denneson, L. M., Corson, K., & Dobscha, S. K. (2011). Complementary and alternative medicine use among veterans with chronic noncancer pain—Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 48(9).
Guzmán, J., Esmail, R., Karjalainen, K., Malmivaara, A., Irvin, E., & Bombardier, C. (2001). Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review. BMJ, 322(7301), 1511-1516.
Hayden, J. A., Van Tulder, M. W., & Tomlinson, G. (2005). Systematic review: strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Annals of internal medicine, 142(9), 776-785.
Kim, E. J., Choi, Y. D., Lim, C. Y., Kim, K. H., & Lee, S. D. (2015). Effect of heating and cooling combination therapy on patients with chronic low back pain: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 16(1), 285.
Nitsure, P. V., Pathania, T. S., & Bilgi, T. A. (2014). Comparison of elastic resistance band exercises and yoga in physiotherapy students with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Yoga & Physical Therapy, 5, 180.
Study Document
Abdominal Pain
Severe abdominal pain with bloody diarrhea at a frequency of twenty times per day can be a sign of a serious condition. In fact, the healthcare … had triggered the condition, then the patient should recover within a few days. If symptoms continue, though, the patient may indeed have a chronic condition. Diagnosing the patient’s condition will be challenging due to the great array of causes for bloody diarrhea especially during the acute stage … results of the blood and stool tests return. Preventing the condition would depend on its causes. If the condition were due to a chronic and heritable condition like Crohn’s disease or colitis, then the patient will need to engage in lifestyle changes to regulate symptoms but if ……
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References
Holtz, L.R., Neill, M.A. & Tarr, P.I. (2009). Acute bloody diarrhea. Gastroenterology 2009(136). Retrieved from: https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(09)00344-8/pdf
LaRocque, R. & Harris, J.B. (2019). Patient education: acute diarrhea in adults. Up To Date. Retrieved from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-adults-beyond-the-basics
Larsen, C.M., Nakamura, K.M. & Bhagra, A. (2012). 34-year old woman with abdonaml pain and blood-streaked diarrhea. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 87(9): 905-908.
Study Document
Gender And Veterans Differences In Access To Mental Health Care Services
… various other veterans who are in other careers. Recently, there has been a growing number of women seeking V.A. medical health care concerning chronic cancer pain. A study directed that there was a gender difference in the prescription of younger veterans as compared to the older ones (Weimer et … the prescription of younger veterans as compared to the older ones (Weimer et al., 2013). Women observed higher visits, but the prevalence of pain was higher in females as compared to males. The difference was observed on the basis that women used more V.A. health care services … V.A. mental health care for military men and women.
In a similar study where men and women receiving V.A. medical health care for chronic pain showed that women use higher rates of outpatient services with chronic pain in terms of V.A. utilization (Kaur et al., 2007).…[break]…included lesser in numbers as compared……
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Adams, R.E., Urosevich, T.G., Hoffman, S.N., Kirchner, H.L., Figley, C.R., Withey, C.A., Boscarino, J.J., Dugan, R.J. & Boscarino, J.A. (2019). Social and psychological risk and protective factors for veteran well-being: The role of veteran identity and its implications for intervention. Military Behavioral Health, 7(3), 304-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2019.1580642
Allore, H.G., Ning, Y., Brandt, C.A., & Goulet, J.L. (2013). Accounting for the hierarchical structure in veterans’ health administration data: Differences in healthcare utilization between men and women veterans. International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research, 2(2), 94-103. DOI: 10.6000/1929-6029.2013.02.02.03
Brooks, C. & Chopik, W. (2010, June 17). Research finds deployment affects mental health of veterans differently. Michigan State University. https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2020/research-finds-deployment-affects-mental-health-of-veterans-differently/
Duggal, M., Goulet, J.L., Womack, J., Gordon, K., Mattocks, K., Haskell, S.G., Justice, A.C. & Brandt, C.A. (2010). Comparison of outpatient health care utilization among returning women and men veterans from Afghanistan and Iraq. BMS Health Services Research, 10 (175). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-10-175
Harpaz-Rotem, I. & Rosenheck, R.A. (2011). Serving those who served: Retention of newly returning veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan in mental health treatment. Psychiatric Services, 62(1), 22-27. DOI: 10.1176/ps.62.1.pss6201_0022.
Haskel, S.G., Brandt, C.A., Krebs, E.E., Skanderson, M., Kerns, R.D., & Goulet, J.L. (2009). Pain among veterans of operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom: Do women and men differ? Pain Medicine, 10(7), 1167-1173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526- 4637.2009.00714.x
Kaur, S., Stechuchak, K.M., Coffman, C.J., Allen, K.D., & Bastain, L.A. (2007). Gender differences in health care utilization among veterans with chronic pain. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(2), 228-233. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-006-0048-5
Koo, K.H., Madden, E. & Maguen, S. (2015). Race, ethnicity, and gender differences in V.A. health care service utilization among U.S. veterans of recent conflicts. Psychiatric Services, 66(5), 507-513. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300498
Study Document
Psychological Health
… a growing interest in health psychology in the application of these experimental techniques to evaluate possible cognitive processing prejudices in health conditions like chronic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, cancer, and chronic fatigue syndrome together with health behaviors like smoking, eating, and alcohol abuse. Experimental studies in these fields could inform hypothetical development by allowing … fresh connection areas between medicine and clinical health psychology not yet discovered
Next to conventional collaboration areas between psychology and medicine like psycho-oncology, pain management, or psycho-cardiology, collaboration areas including psycho-pneumology, psycho-endocrinology, and psycho-geriatric, as well as latest topics like health behavior, psychological elements of medical diseases, … important part in a stepped-care method of care.
(7) Adapting medical, psychological protocols to particular special contexts and populations (active aging and elderly, chronic care management, immigrants, among others)
Medical health psychology should come up with fresh protocols and adjust the old ones to suit the……
References
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Australian Psychological Society. (2010). Evidence?based psychological interventions in the treatment of mental disorders: A literature review. Victoria: Australian Psychological Association.
Barth, J., Munder, T., Gerger, H., Nüesch, E., Trelle, S., Znoj, H., ... & Cuijpers, P. (2016). Comparative efficacy of seven psychotherapeutic interventions for patients with depression: a network meta-analysis. Focus, 14(2), 229-243.
Castelnuovo, G. (2017). New and old adventures of clinical health psychology in the twenty-first century: standing on the shoulders of giants. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1214.
Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive therapy and research, 36(5), 427-440.
Hughes, A. M., Gordon, R., Chalder, T., Hirsch, C. R., & Moss?Morris, R. (2016). Maximizing the potential impact of experimental research into cognitive processes in health psychology: A systematic approach to material development. British journal of health psychology, 21(4), 764-780.
Kirkham, J. G., Choi, N., & Seitz, D. P. (2016). Meta?analysis of problem solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(5), 526-535.
Lenz, A. S., Hall, J., & Bailey Smith, L. (2016). Meta-analysis of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for decreasing symptoms of acute depression. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 41(1), 44-70.
Linde, K., Rücker, G., Sigterman, K., Jamil, S., Meissner, K., Schneider, A., & Kriston, L. (2015). Comparative effectiveness of psychological treatments for depressive disorders in primary care: network meta-analysis. BMC family practice, 16(1), 103.
Study Document
Positive Psychology And Its Link To Meditation
… (2008) research revealed meditation's beneficial impacts on psychosomatic as well as psychological issues like anxiety, depression, violence, sleeplessness, addiction, suicidal tendency, hypertension, and chronic pain. Further, Pepping and coworkers (2013) discovered that mindfulness training directly and positively impacts self-worth, with meditation being a part of mindfulness training.
The ……
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Gable, S. L., & Haidt, J. (2005). What (and why) is positive psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9, 103–110. DOI:10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.103
Hasenkamp, W., & Barsalou, L. (2012). Effects of meditation experience on functional connectivity of distributed brain networks. Front. Hum. Neurosci. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00038/full
Kristeller, J. L., & Rikhye, K. (2008). Meditative traditions and contemporary psychology. In K. R. Rao, A. C. Paranjpe & A. K. Dalal (Eds.), Handbook of Indian psychology (pp. 506 –538). New Delhi, India: Cambridge University Press.
McGee, M. (2008). Meditation and psychiatry. Psychiatry, 5, 28 – 40.
Pepping, C. A., Donovan, A., & Davis, P. (2013). The positive effects of mindfulness on self-esteem. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(5), 376-386.
Sedlmeier, P., Eberth, J., Schwarz, M., Zimmerman, D., Haarig, F., Jaeger, S., & Kunze, S. (2012). The psychological effects of meditation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(6), 1139 –1171.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14. DOI:10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5
Shapiro, S., Walsh, R., Britton, W., & Britton, B. (2003). An analysis of recent meditation research and suggestions for future directions. The Humanistic Psychology, 3(2-3), 69-90.
Study Document
Marijuana Is An Addictive Drug
… appetite. The risk of overdosing on marijuana is low when compared to that of cocaine. Marijuana is also used for the treatment of chronic pain, anorexia, nausea, muscle spasticity, and sleep disturbances and in this case, it is referred to as medical marijuana. Medical marijuana contains either whole ……
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Ford, Benjamin M, et al. \\\\\\"Synthetic Pot: Not Your Grandfather’s Marijuana.\\\\\\" Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 38.3 (2017): 257-76. Print.
Hefner, Kathryn R, Mark J Starr, and John J Curtin. \\\\\\"Altered Subjective Reward Valuation among Drug-Deprived Heavy Marijuana Users: Aversion to Uncertainty.\\\\\\" Journal of abnormal psychology 125.1 (2016): 138. Print.
Miller, NS, T Oberbarnscheidt, and MS Gold. \\\\\\"Marijuana Addictive Disorders: Dsm-5 Substance-Related Disorders.\\\\\\" J Addict Res Ther S 11 (2017): 2. Print.
Uhl, George R, George F Koob, and Jennifer Cable. \\\\\\"The Neurobiology of Addiction.\\\\\\" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1451.1 (2019): 5. Print.
Wong, Su-Wei, and Hsien-Chang Lin. \\\\\\"Medical Marijuana Legalization and Associated Illicit Drug Use and Prescription Medication Misuse among Adolescents in the Us.\\\\\\" Addictive behaviors 90 (2019): 48-54. Print.
Study Document
Urinary Tract Infection And Osteoporosis In Women
Healthcare professionals usually encounter challenges to address the health conditions facing female patients. In light of the changing nature of today’s society, chronic and acute illnesses among women have become more prevalent. The prevalence of such illnesses is attributable to the unique health issues and conditions … life. While some of these health conditions affect men too, they are more severe among women. Given the unique health conditions, women experience chronic and acute illnesses that affect their overall health and wellbeing. Some of the chronic and acute health conditions affecting women include urinary tract infections and osteoporosis. This paper examines the management of these two conditions through comparison … fractures. Such fractures emerge because the condition results in increased loss of bone strength and mass. In most cases, this condition progresses without pain or any symptoms. As a result, this condition is considered a silent disease that contributes to mortality……
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References
Baars et al. (2019, February 3). The Contribution of Complementary and Alternative Medicine to Reduce Antibiotic Use: A Narrative Review of Health Concepts, Prevention, and Treatment Strategies. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1-29. doi: 10.1155/2019/5365608
Carbone et al. (2015, November). Urinary Tract Stones and Osteoporosis: Findings From the Women’s Health Initiative. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 30(11), 2096-2102.
Eells, S.J., Bharadwa, K., McKinnell, J.A. & Miller, L.G. (2014, January 15). Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections Among Women: Comparative Effectiveness of 5 Prevention and Management Strategies Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Model. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 58(2), 147-160.
Harvard Health Publishing. (2017, May). Urinary Tract Infection in Women. Retrieved from Harvard Medical School website: https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/urinary-tract-infection-in-women-a-to-z
Khadilkar, A. & Mandlik, R.M. (2015). Epidemiology and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Women: An Indian Perspective. International Journal of Women’s Health, 7, 841-850.
Tian et al. (2017, October). Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Related Lifestyle and Metabolic Factors of Postmenopausal Women and Elderl Men. Medicine, 96(43), doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008294
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2018, June 26). Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures – U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 319(24), 2521-2531.
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