God was not part of the original pledge written in 1892 and adopted by Congress 50 years later as a wartime patriotic tribute. Congress inserted the "under God" phrase in 1954, amid the Cold War when some U.S. religious leaders sermonized against "godless communists." (Gearan)
Works Cited
All Things Considered. "Interview: Dr. John W. Baer discusses the history of the Pledge of Allegiance" All Things Considered (NPR reprint) 6/27 (2002).
Baker, Tod a., Laurence W. Moreland, and Robert P. Steed. The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics New York: Praeger, 1991.
Canipe, Lee. "Under God and anti-communist: how the Pledge of Allegiance got religion in Cold-War America" Journal of Church and State March 22 (2003).
Chmielewski, Cynthia M. "Federal Appeals Court Bans Pledge of Allegiance in School." NEA Today Vol. 21 (2002).
Elvin, John. "High Court May Weigh in on Pledge of Allegiance Suit." Insight on the News July 8 (2003).
Gearan, Ann. "Pledge of Allegiance Case Taken" Wisconsin State Journal 10/15 (2003).
Guenter, Scot M. The American Flag, 1777-1924: Cultural Shifts from Creation to Codification London: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1990.
Harris, Ron. "History of Pledge of Allegiance" Associated Press Writer June 26 (2002).
Johnson, Ellen. "From the President: Ruling About Unconstitutionality of Phrase in Pledge of Allegiance" American Atheist Newsletter July (2002).
Macedo, Donaldo. Literacies of Power: What Americans Are Not Allowed to Know Oxford: Westview P, 1994.
McWhirter, Darien a. The Separation of Church and State Phoenix: Oryx, 1994.
Paulson, Ken. "Inside the First Amendment: Pledge of Allegiance: one nation, truly divided." Gannett News Service [Arlington, Va.] 10 Mar. 2003.
Trillian, Calvin. "Uncivil liberties: Pledge of Allegiance" the Nation 10 Oct. 1988.
Unknown. "About that Pledge of Allegiance"…
Sample Source(s) Used
Works Cited
All Things Considered. "Interview: Dr. John W. Baer discusses the history of the Pledge of Allegiance" All Things Considered (NPR reprint) 6/27 (2002).
Baker, Tod a., Laurence W. Moreland, and Robert P. Steed. The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics New York: Praeger, 1991.
Canipe, Lee. "Under God and anti-communist: how the Pledge of Allegiance got religion in Cold-War America" Journal of Church and State March 22 (2003).
Chmielewski, Cynthia M. "Federal Appeals Court Bans Pledge of Allegiance in School." NEA Today Vol. 21 (2002).
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