Study Document
...Linguistics Introduction
Assessment is a critical element of education as it allows for the monitoring, learning, creation of educational programs, and the identification of pupils who require specific services. For deaf and hard hearing learners, participating in meaningful education tests is a multifaceted and complex process (Pizzo & Chilvers, 2019). Assessments that are done well will support growth and learning, while poorly and inaccurately designed assessments have the potential to cause wrong decision-making in schools for deaf and hard of hearing learners. This report, therefore, presents three language assessment instruments for deaf and hard of hearing learners, namely Arizona™-4: Arizona Articulation and Phonology Scale™ Fourth Revision, The American Sign Language Proficiency Assessment (ASL-PA), and Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language—Fourth Edition (TACL-4).
Report 1: Arizona Articulation and Phonology Scale™, Fourth Revision
? Name of Test: Arizona™-4: Arizona Articulation and Phonology Scale™, Fourth Revision
? Author(s): Fudala, Janet Barker, and Stegall, Sheri……
References
Bond, L. A. (1996). Norm-and criterion-referenced testing. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 5(1), 2.
Carrow-Woolfolk, E. (2014). Test for auditory comprehension of language (4th ed.). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Carrow-Woolfolk, E., & Allen, E. A. (2014). TEXL: Test of expressive language. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Fudala, J.B. & Stegall, S. (2017). Arizona-4: Arizona Articulation and Phonology Scale, Fourth Revision. Western Psychological Services.
Fudala, J.B. (2000). Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Haug, T. (2005). Review of sign language assessment instruments. Sign Language & Linguistics, 8(1-2), 61-98.
Maller, S., Singleton, J., Supalla, S., & Wix, T. (1999). The development and psychometric properties of the American Sign Language Proficiency Assessment (ASL-PA). Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 4(4), 249-269.
Pizzo, L., & Chilvers, A. (2019). Assessment of Language and Literacy in Children Who Are d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Education Sciences, 9(3), 223.
Study Document
...Linguistics Education, especially bilingual education and its evolution in the United States, has paved its way in every state with differences in approaches and choices of language being taught. A part of US schooling history is its rich history and practice of native language teaching and bilingual education. Ovando (2003), in his study, found that it was about two hundred years ago that American communities first started assembling large numbers of young children to educate them. Instruction typically took place in languages besides English, and in two or more languages (e.g., Dutch and German in Pennsylvania, German and Spanish in Texas, and the French language in Louisiana). The toleration and use of several languages for education and interaction suggest a wide linguistic pluralism ideology in this era (Ovando, 2003). Keeping in mind the variations and interactions of the different languages, one sees a rich and vibrant culture of bilingual education that……
References
Banks, J. A. (1995). Multicultural Education: Its Effects on Students\\\\\\\\\\\\' Racial and Gender Role Attitudes. Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education (pp. 617-627). New York: Macmillan.
Gándara, P., & Escamilla, K. (2017). Bilingual education in the United States. Bilingual and multilingual education, 1-14.
Ovando, C. J. (2003). Bilingual education in the United States: Historical development and current issues. Bilingual research journal, 27(1), 1-24.
Saravia-Shore, M., & Arvizu, S. F. (2017). Cross-cultural literacy: An anthropological approach to dealing with diversity. In Cross-cultural Literacy (pp. xv-xxxviii). Routledge.
Wei, L. (2013). Integration of Multicultural Education into English Teaching and Learning: A Case Study in Liaoning Police Academy. Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 3(4).
Study Document
… probably the least serious of all of the diseases suffered by the prospective candidates. I would also select the 42 year old female linguistics professor, given that she is the least likely to require additional caregiving and she still may be capable of producing……
Study Document
...Linguistics Introduction
Corruption takes many forms, and can have a devastating impact on economies, and on the effectiveness of government. For that reason, it is best practice to have a code of ethics for managers who are involved in acquisitions, purchasing and contracts. Ethical lapses contribute to a wide array of issues, including waste, a decline in confidence in the institution of government, and underperformance because the wrong vendors were selected. Larezos (2008) notes that when evidence of corruption arises, governments may need to recompete contracts, projects can be delayed or go way over budget, and there can be increased cost to taxpayers as well. If chronic weak governance leaves a populace disenchanted with government, then the political fallout can be severe as well. In essence, corruption represents the trade-off between the personal gain for the government officials in question versus the overall government or economy.
Combatting corruption is a complex……
References
Adelstein, J. & Clegg, S. (2016) Code of ethics: A stratified vehicle for compliance. Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 138 (1) 53-66.
Lazeros, M. (2008) Leaders can learn from Druyun’s ethical lapses and their consequences. USAWC Research Project. Retrieved October 25, 2019 from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a479019.pdf
McConnnell, A. & Rood, T. (1997) Ethics in government: A survey of misuse of position for personal gain and its implications for developing acquisition strategy. Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 16 (1997) 1107-1116.
McConnell, T. (2018). Moral dilemmas. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved October 25, 2019 from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-dilemmas/
Neu, D., Everett, J. & Rahaman, A. (2015) Preventing corruption within government procurement: Constructing the disciplined and ethical subject. Critical Perspectives on Accounting. Vol. 28 (2015) 49-61.
Study Document
...Linguistics Introduction
In the research article “Effect of Digital Marketing on Competitiveness of Automobile Companies in Kenya” by Eva Nkatha Kigunda, the objective was to assess how digital marketing strategies affected the competitiveness of automobile companies in Kenya. The digital marketing strategies included in the study are search engine marketing (SEM), email marketing, social media marketing (SMM), and online advertising. The study population was staff working in the marketing departments of major motor vehicle dealers in Kenya, and a sample of 101 (30% of the population) was included in the study (Kigunda 2017). Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires and inferential and descriptive statistics used for data analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The study findings are that while automobile dealers in Kenya have significantly invested in digital marketing, there return on investment (ROI) is still insignificant. Digital marketing strategies are mainly used in maintaining the current customer……
References
Evans, M.P., 2007. Analysing Google rankings through search engine optimization data. Internet research, 17(1), pp.21-37.
Galvan, J.L. and Galvan, M.C., 2017. Writing literature reviews: A guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences. Routledge.
Kaplan, A.M. and Haenlein, M., 2010. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), pp.59-68.
Kigunda, E. N. 2017. Effect of Digital Marketing on Competitiveness of Automobile Companies in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, United States International University-Africa).
Kimani, B., 2012. When social media does the marketing. Management magazine, (36-37).
Machi, L.A. and McEvoy, B.T., 2016. The literature review: Six steps to success. Corwin Press.
Ngulube, P., Mathipa, E.R. and Gumbo, M.T., 2015. Theoretical and conceptual frameworks in the social and management sciences. Addressing research challenges: Making headway in developing researchers, pp.43-66.
Wong, L.L.C., 2016. Challenges and expectations: Preparing postgraduate students to write literature reviews. In International Conference of the Spanish Association of Applied Linguistics (AESLA), 2016. University of Alicante.
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