World Essays (Examples)
Study Document
The US Sentencing System Disparities And Discrimination
...World Introduction
A defendant that has successfully been prosecuted and then found guilty will have their sentence determined and read out by a judge at the sentencing hearing. The sentencing hearing can only take place after the criminal conviction. During the sentencing hearing, the judge will have to decide on a sentence or a punishment based on the maximum and minimum sentences for the particular crime, as stipulated in the penal code. While all this sounds straightforward, there have been many cases recorded of discrimination and disparity in sentencing (Spohn, 2008).
With regards to sentencing, a disparity exists in two ways – when offenders who are different get the same punishment, and when similar offenders get different punishments. More specifically, a disparity exists when judges impose the same punishment/ sentence on offenders who have very different crimes and criminal histories and when judges impose different punishments on offenders who have carried……
References
References
Daly, K., & Tonry, M. (1997). Gender, Race, and Sentencing. Crime and Justice, 22, 201-252. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1147574
Farrell, A., Ward, G., & Rousseau, D. (2010). Intersections of gender and race in federal sentencing: examining court contexts and the effects of representative court authorities. Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice, 1, 85.
Hessick, C. B. (2010). Race and gender as explicit sentencing factors. Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice, 1, 127.
Mauer, M. (2010). Justice for all challenging racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Hum. Rts., 37, 14.
Smith, D. (2006). Narrowing Racial Disparities in Sentencing through a System of Mandatory Downward Departures. The Modern American, Summer 2006, 32–37.
Spohn, C. (2008). How do judges decide?: the search for fairness and justice in punishment. Sage Publications.
Yang, C. S. (2015). Free at last? Judicial discretion and racial disparities in federal sentencing. The Journal of Legal Studies, 44(1), 75-111.
Study Document
Angleton S Counterintelligence Program And What Went Wrong
...World Counterintelligence Thesis Proposal
Abstract
This proposal describes the need for an ethical standard in counterintelligence. It discusses how an analysis of the formation of the counterintelligence program under Angleton can provide insight into what went wrong with counterintelligence and how those problems can be prevented in the future. It uses a combination of conflict theory, structural functionalism and critical theory to explore the dimensions of counterintelligence in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. The research design is qualitative with the case study approach to Angleton’s counterintelligence serving as the method. The aim of the research is to provide an ethical framework that could be used to help the counterintelligence enterprise collaborate more effectively with the private sector in the future.
Introduction
Intelligence and counterintelligence operations have always been a part of the American Republic (Federation of American Scientists 1996). General Washington was aware of the threat of foreign espionage and the……
References
Reference List
Bailey, Christopher and Susan M. Galich. “Codes of Ethics: The Intelligence Community.” International Journal of Intelligence Ethics 35.2 (2012), 77-99.
Bartos, C. and P. Wehr. 2002. Using conflict theory. UK: University of Cambridge.
Bellaby, Ross. "What's the Harm? The Ethics of Intelligence Collection." Intelligence and National Security 27, no. 1 (2012): 93-117.
Church Committee. “Final report of the Select committee to study governmental operations With respect to Intelligence activities United states senate Together with Additional, supplemental, and separate Views.” Intelligence.senate.gov, 1976. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
Coyne, John, Peter Bell, and Shannon Merrington. "Exploring ethics in intelligence and the role of leadership." Interntional Journal of Business and Commerce 2, no. 10 (2013): 27-37.
Erskine, Toni. "'As Rays of Light to the Human Soul'? Moral Agents and Intelligence Gathering." Intelligence & National Security 19, no. 2 (2004): 359-381.
Nakashima, Ellen. “Top counterintelligence official challenges the private sector to step up defenses against foreign spying.” Washington Post, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/top-counterintelligence-official-challenges-the-private-sector-to-step-up-defenses-against-foreign-spying/2020/02/10/d842d83c-4c15-11ea-9b5c-eac5b16dafaa_story.html Pfaff, T., & Tiel, J. R. (2004). The ethics of espionage. Journal of Military Ethics, 3(1), 1-15.
Study Document
Canadian Reciprocity Treaty Of 1854
...World Reciprocity Treaty (1854)
Introduction
The 1854 Reciprocity Treaty is one of the most famous economic treaties in Canadian history. The Reciprocity Treaty was a trade treaty that was signed between the economy of the United States and what was then known as the Province of Canada (Quebec and Ontario) and other smaller provinces of the then British North America. The treaty was a forerunner of the Canada-United States trade agreement of 1989. It was primarily intended to facilitate free trade in primary products such as coal, fish, timber, barley, oats, and wheat. The parties signed it on 5th June 1854, and it went into effect as soon as it was ratified by the lawmaking bodies of the parties to the treaty. The legislatures in the Canadian provinces approved it before the end of 1854, while the United States approved it in 1855 (Haynes, 1892, p. 18; Hinton, 2013). This work looks……
References
References
Ankli, R. E. (1971). The reciprocity treaty of 1854. The Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d\\\\\\\\\\\\'Economique, 4(1), 1-20.
Gerriets, M., & Gwyn, J. (1996). Tariffs, trade, and reciprocity: Nova Scotia, 1830-1866. Acadiensis, 25(2), 62-81.
Haynes, F. E. (1892). The Reciprocity treaty with Canada of 1854 (Vol. 7, No. 6). Baltimore, Md.: American Economic Association.
Hinton, M. (2013). Canadian economic growth and the reciprocity treaty of 1854. Working Papers 13038, Economic History Society.
Masters, D. C. (1963). The reciprocity treaty of 1854: its history, its relation to British colonial and foreign policy, and to the development of Canadian fiscal autonomy (Vol. 9). McGill-Queen\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Press-MQUP.
Officer, L. H., & Smith, L. B. (1968). The Canadian-American reciprocity treaty of 1855 to 1866. Journal of Economic History, 598-623.
Porritt, E. (1908). Sixty Years of Protection in Canada, 1846-1907: Where Industry Leans on the Politician. London: Macmillan.
Saunders, S. A. (1934). The Maritime Provinces and the Reciprocity Treaty. The Dalhousie Review.
Study Document
Death Penalty In Canada
...World Should Canada reinstate the death penalty for planned and premeditated murder What is your position and why
Why are people punished for their crimes? What is the driving idea behind punitive sentencing in criminal justice? Is life behind bars somehow to be considered more humane of a sentence for a person who commits premeditated murder? Or is knowing that one will never again have his freedom a worse punishment than death? Obviously these are all subjective questions and people will have different views on the matter, so it is important to define one’s own approach to the question. If one is talking about preferences and whether it is better to give up one’s life than to live the rest of one’s days in prison, one might go either way. But if one is talking about the issue of capital punishment from an ethical point of view, it is an approach……
References
Works Cited
Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood. NY: Vintage, 1994.
Holmes, A. Ethics: Approaching moral decisions. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007.
Hursthouse, Rosalind. “Virtue Ethics.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2016. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/
Kronenwetter, M. Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook. CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001.
Robbins, Tim, dir. Dead Man Walking. Gramercy Pictures, 1995. Film.
Study Document
Confidentiality Breach And Unfair Dismissal Law
… letter the moment she noticed she had it. Further, in search of new employment, she proceeded to place a call to Howell Jewelry World - one of Greene’s Jewelry main competitors - and proclaim she had confidential information in relation to the creation of Ever-Gold. Following her ……
References
References
Bagley, C.E. (2012). Managers and the Legal Environment: Strategies for the 21st Century (7th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
Chociey, E.F. (2018). The Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016: An Overview and Analysis of the Statute Establishing a Federal Civil Cause of Action for Trade Secret Misappropriation and Notable Case Law to Date. Retrieved from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=a6c6cf8f-5d89-4cbd-9c64-82ca38e53006
Justia (2020). Chestnut v. Stone Forest Industries, Inc., 817 F. Supp. 932 (N.D. Fla. 1993). Retrieved from https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/817/932/1459432/
Peacock, W. (2013). Breach of Contract, Confidential Info Leak Case: Hallmark Prevails. Retrieved from https://blogs.findlaw.com/eighth_circuit/2013/01/hallmark-prevails-in-breach-of-contract-confidential-info-leak-case.html
U.S. Department of Labor (2020). Plant Closings and Layoffs. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/termination/plantclosings
Study Document
The Cost Effectiveness In Cloud Computing Within An Accounting Organization
… in the accounting industry, owing to its ease in the level of flexibility, scalability, and simplicity of gaining access to systems across the world. Whereas customary IT structures can preclude an accounting organization’s capability of conducting business operations productively, cloud computing can facilitate a greater level of ……
References
References
Bauer, E., & Adams, R. (2015). Reliability and availability of cloud computing. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Chang, W. Y., Abu-Amara, H., & Sanford, J. F. (2018). Transforming enterprise cloud services. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Chang, V. (Ed.). (2015). Delivery and adoption of cloud computing Services in Contemporary Organizations. IGI Global.
Hsien, W. F., Yang, C. C., & Hwang, M. S. (2016). A Survey of Public Auditing for Secure Data Storage in Cloud Computing. IJ Network Security, 18(1), 133-142.
Jamsa, K. (2016). Cloud computing. New York: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. AISHE-J: The All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 9(3).
Mehmood, R., Katib, S. S. I., & Chlamtac, I. (2020). Smart Infrastructure and Applications. New York: Springer International Publishing.
Prabhu, C. S. R. (2015). E-governance: concepts and case studies. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
Study Document
Logistical Support And Distribution Strategies
… 1977).
Logistics-focused approaches are of significance as well, in large corporations. Consider the example of one among the biggest chemical producers in the world, which replaced its ships lately. The ships were tasked with carrying bulk matter from Caribbean-based manufacturing units to East Coast and Gulf ports, ……
References
References
Heskett, J. L. (1977). Logistics-essential to strategy. Harvard Business Review, 55(6), 85-96.
Jenkins, L. (2018). Distribution strategy | Cutting edge distribution strategies 2020. Software Selection Tool | Software Selection Management | SelectHub. https://www.selecthub.com/enterprise-resource-planning/cutting-edge-distribution-strategies/
La Londe, B. J., & Masters, J. M. (1994). Emerging logistics strategies. International journal of physical distribution & logistics management.
Li, X. (2014). Operations management of logistics and supply chain: Issues and directions. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2014.
Ma, X., Yin, Y., & Liu, T. (2011, August). The simulation and optimizing of different distribution strategies for the distribution centre based on Flexsim. In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics (ICAL) (pp. 201-204). IEEE.
Partida, B. (2017, November 14). The right distribution strategy affects logistics performance. Supply Chain Management Review. https://www.scmr.com/article/the_right_distribution_strategy_affects_logistics_performance
Study Document
Maslow S Hierarchy Of Needs Model And Its Application In Human Resources
… of self-interest, conflict of interest, or ulterior motives in what they do. Some examples of how agency theory plays out in the real world can best be seen in the real estate industry, where the Realtor acts as agent for the principle—the home buyer or seller. The ……
References
Bibliography
Bussin, M., & Christos, D. (2018). Blind hiring not as crazy as it sounds. HR Future, 2018(Sep 2018), 36-39.
CBS News (2017). Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/meet-bozoma-saint-john-the-woman-tasked-with-fixing-ubers-image/
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of management review, 14(1), 57-74.
Frank, L. (2018). How to Use Employee Referrals Without Giving Up Workplace Diversity. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2018/03/how-to-use-employee-referrals-without-giving-up-workplace-diversity
Jensen, M., & Meckling, W. (1976) Theory of the firm: Man- agerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305-360.
Larcker, D. F., & Tayan, B. (2017). Governance Gone Wild: Epic Misbehavior at Uber Technologies. Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University Closer Look Series: Topics, Issues and Controversies in Corporate Governance No. CGRP-70, 18-3.
Payscale. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.payscale.com/data/job-referral s
ProActive Solutions. (2020). Agency theory. Retrieved from http://knowledgegrab.com/learners-zone/study-support/performance-management-review/framework-introduction-to-hrm/agency-theory/
Study Document
Trust And Relationships In Negotiation
...World Trust and Relationships in Negotiation
Introduction
Successful negotiations rely heavily upon the ability of those involved to develop trust and build solid relationships. If parties to a negotiation cannot trust one another and do not develop the kind of relationships required, it is highly unlikely that they will arrive at the kind of satisfactory, win-win outcome that all sides desire. But how does one define trust? What steps can be taken to best support a working relationship? How can one tell if one is moving towards a successful negotiation or working against one’s own best interests? This paper will review the topic of trust and relationship development in negotiations to show how one can approach the problem of trust and relationship building while working on negotiating an outcome that satisfies all parties.
What is Trust?
Trust is a concept that has different meanings depending on how one thinks of its……
References
References
Butler Jr, J. K. (1999). Trust expectations, information sharing, climate of trust, and negotiation effectiveness and efficiency. Group & Organization Management, 24(2), 217-238.
Lewicki, R. J., & Stevenson, M. A. (1997). Trust development in negotiation: Proposed actions and a research agenda. Business & Professional Ethics Journal, 16(1/3), 99-132.
Olekalns, M., & Smith, P. L. (2009). Mutually dependent: Power, trust, affect and the use of deception in negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(3), 347-365.
Ross, W., & LaCroix, J. (1996). Multiple meanings of trust in negotiation theory and research: A literature review and integrative model. International Journal of Conflict Management. 7(4), 314–360.
Shell, G. R. (1991). Opportunism and trust in the negotiation of commercial contracts:Toward a new cause of action. Vand. L. Rev., 44, 221.
Study Document
Natural Science Health And Nutrition
… onset of health issues. It was this that began to wake me up to the reality of eating right and getting exercise. Today’s world is so upside down in that regard. People sit at desks for most hours of the day and are used to eating fast ……
References
References
Bray, G. A., Nielsen, S. J., & Popkin, B. M. (2004). Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(4), 537-543.
Davis, B. (2008). Defeating Diabetes: Lessons from the Marshall Islands. Today’s Dietitian, 10(8), 24.
Heart. (2020). Cholesterol. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/hdl-good-ldl-bad-cholesterol-and-triglyceride s
Heart Monounsaturated Fat. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/monounsaturated-fat s
Malik, V. S., Popkin, B. M., Bray, G. A., Després, J. P., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2010). Sugar sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1079
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