Science Essays (Examples)
Study Document
Agency Theory
...Science Introduction
Agency theory is a theory explicating the relationship between the shareholders, who act as the principals, and the managers, who act as the agents. Within this relationship, the principal either employs or delegates an agent to carry out work and take actions in the best interests of the principal (Scott and O’Brien, 2003).
Imperatively, when the decision-making power and authority is delegated to another party, this can result in a loss of efficiency and subsequently increased costs. For instance, if the owner of a company partakes in the delegating of decision-making power to a manager, the agent in this case, it is conceivable that the manager will not work or operate as hard and with determination as the owner would, bearing in mind that the manager does not have any direct shares in the financial results of the company (Tearney and Dodd, 2009).
As a result, this could give……
References
References
Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M. J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., ... & Gaynor, M. (2012). Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science & Business Media.
Bou?ková, M. (2015). Management accounting and agency theory. Procedia Economics and Finance, 25, 5-13.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of management review, 14(1), 57-74.
Healy, P. M. (2005). Financial Reporting Problems at Molex, Inc.(A). Harvard Business School.
Larcker, D. F., & Tayan, B. (2007). Executive Compensation at Nabors Industries: Too Much, Too Little, or Just Right?. Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University Case Teaching No. CG-05.
Mitnick, B. M. (2015). Agency theory. Wiley encyclopedia of management, 1-6.
Scott, W. R., & O\\\\\\'Brien, P. C. (2003). Financial accounting theory (Vol. 3). Toronto: Prentice Hall.
Tearney, M. G., & Dodd, J. (2009). Accounting theory. H. I. Wolk (Ed.). New York: Sage.
Study Document
Immigration Terms And Analysis Of Interview
...Science An understandably contentious issue, immigration cuts to the core of what it means to be American. Recent immigrants find themselves especially vulnerable to being caught in the crossfire of heated debates over American immigration policy. The migration of Mexican nationals to the United States is hardly a new phenomenon; in fact, the tide of immigration flow from Mexico ebbed in the 1970s. As Massey 1986) points out, it is a gross generalization to assume that economic factors alone drive immigration. Certainly there are a large number of immigrants from Mexico to the United States who are both pushed and pulled by financial need. Yet firmly established structures and institutions support new immigrants, and immigration is frequently a family phenomenon—particularly evident in the Mexican immigrant experience (Massey, 1986). Prevailing anti-immigration discourse in the United States obfuscates the tremendous amount of diversity within the American immigrant experience, and even among specific immigrant……
References
References
Fox, C. & Guglielmo, T.A. (2012). Defining America’s racial boundaries: Blacks, Mexicans, and European Immigrants, 1890–1945. American Journal of Sociology 118(2) (September 2012): 327-379.
Gonzales, R. G. (2011). Learning to be illegal: Undocumented youth and shifting legal contexts in the transition to adulthood. American Sociological Review 76(4) (AUGUST 2011): 602-619
Huntington, S.P. (2009). The Hispanic challenge. Foreign Policy, 28 Oct, 2009.
Jones-Correa, M. (2012). Contested ground. Transatlantic Council on Migration. July 2012.
Massey, D. S. (1986). The social organization of Mexican Migration to the United States.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 48(7):, Vol. 487, Immigration and American Public Policy (Sep., 1986): 102-113?
Massey, D. S. (n.d.). What were the paradoxical consequences of militarizing the border with Mexico?
Study Document
Evolving Public Interpretation Of Gentrification
...Science Just like pornography, everyone seems to know \"gentrification\" when they see it. See a Starbucks or Whole Foods move into a neighborhood? That's gentrification. Find out that a house sold for an exorbitant amount or that rents at some building doubled? That's gentrification. See bike lanes added to your street, or a rack of bike-share bikes pop up near a busy corner? That's gentrification.
– Pete Saunders, 2017
Gentrification is one of the most controversial issues in American cities today. But as the epigraph above clearly indicates, it also remains one of the least understood. Few agree on how to define it or whether it is boon or curse for cities. Due in large part to this lack of definitional clarity, opinions about gentrification in the past have been largely shaped by the negative connotations and effects of gentrification that have been highlighted by the mainstream media. For instance, according……
References
Bibliography
Anderson, Elijah. 1990. Streetwise. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Betancur, John J. “Gentrification in Latin America: Overview and Critical Analysis.” Urban Studies Research 37-41.
Berrey, Ellen C. 2005. Divided over diversity. City & Community 4 (2): 143-70
Black’s Law Dictionary. 1990. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.
Bostic, Raphael W., and Richard W. Martin. 2003. Black home-owners as a gentrifying force? Urban Studies 40 (12): 2427-49.
Brown-Saracino, Japonica. 2004. Social preservationists and the quest for authentic community. City & Community 3 (2): 135-56.
Brummet, Quentin, and Davin Reed. “The Effects of Gentrification on the Well-Being and Opportunity of Original Resident Adults and Children.” Working Paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia), 2019.
Capps, Kriston. “The Hidden Winners in Neighborhood Gentrification.” CityLab, July 22, 2019.
Study Document
Culture And Nursing
...Science Introduction: The Concept of Culture
Culture is the way of life for a person, society or group of people. It embodies the soul of the community and the heart of a team; it is seen in the way its members express themselves, communicate, think, feel, and believe. It determines what they value and how they honor the principles that guide them. It is different for every society, as Hofstede (1980) showed—and yet there are universal elements to every culture that allow people from different backgrounds to understand one another and rise above their differences to find common ground. Culture shapes the way people, families and communities communicate, perceive the self, think about sexuality, express spirituality, manage stress, cope with less, and deal with death and grief. Some cultures are open and indulgent about individuals’ choices, spirituality, sexuality and how they choose to communicate themselves. Others are more restrained and promote……
References
References
Bassert, J. M. (2017). McCurnin\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Bovee, C.L., & Thill, J.V. (1992). Business Communication Today. NY, NY: McGraw- Hill.
Burnett, M.J., & Dollar, A. (1989). Business Communication: Strategies for Success. Houston, Texas: Dane.
Davidson, L., Tondora, J., Miller, R., O’Connell, M. (2015). Person-Centered Care. Person-Centered Care for Mental Illness. WA: American Psychological Association.
Hambrick, D.C., Davison, S.C., Snell, S.A. & Snow, C.C. (1998). When groups consist of multiple nationalities: Towards a new understanding of the implications. Organization studies, 19(2), 181-205.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 8.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad?. Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42-63.
Hofstede Insights. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/china,the-usa/
Study Document
Baseline Tectonics Of The Arabian Plate
...Science Pan-African Cratonization (about 800 to 680 Ma)
Nehlig et al. (2002) conducted a study to review the Pan-African evolution of the Arabian Shield on the premise that new perspectives on the geologic history and structural evolution on the Arabian Shield had emerged. These new perspectives were brought by the extensive fieldwork as well as synthesis and review of structural, aeromagnetic, geochemical, geologic, and geochronological data. The geologic evolution of the Arabian Shield took place between 900 to 550 Ma. This period was also characterized by the “formation, amalgamation, and final Pan-African cratonization of several tectonostratigraphic terranes” (Nehlig et al., 2002, p.103). These terranes were separated by key NW-trending faults and various oriented suture zones covered by ophiolites i.e. serpentinized ultramafic rocks.
Pan-African cratonization between 800 and 680 Ma incorporated the final cratonization of the terranes. The final cratonization of the terranes, which took place between 680 and 610 Ma, generated……
References
Reference
Caby, R. (2003, May 27). Terrane Assembly and Geodynamic Evolution of Central-Western Hoggar: A Synthesis. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 37, 133-159.
Kroner, A., Roobol, M.J., Ramsay, C.R. & Jackson, N.J. (2013, February 28). Pan African Ages of Some Gneissic Rocks in the Saudi Arabian Shield. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 136, 455-461.
Black, R. & Liegeois, J.P. (1993). Cratons, Mobile Belts, Alkaline Rocks and Continential Lithospheric Mantle: The Pan-African Testimony. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 150, 89-98.
Heikal et al. (2013, May). Lithostratigraphy, Deformation History, and Tectonic Evolution of the Basement Rocks, Republic of Yemen: An Overview. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(5), 1-12.
Kroner, A. (2000). Pan African Plate Tectonics and It’s Repercussions on the Crust of Northeast Africa. Geologische Rundschau, 68(2), 565-583.
Nehlig et al. (2002). A Review of the Pan-African Evolution of the Arabian Shield. GeoArabia, 7(1), 103-124.
Study Document
Teaching Sexual Education In Public School
...Science Background: Why Teach Sexual Education?
With about half of all high school students admitting to have already had sex, and only 60% of those students claiming they used a condom, sexual education can be considered a public health imperative (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019). Unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases are the most important health-related reasons to teach sexual education in public schools. Research has shown that “when sex education is comprehensive, students feel more informed, make safer choices and have healthier outcomes — resulting in fewer unplanned pregnancies and more protection against sexually transmitted diseases and infection,” (“America’s Sex Education: How We Are Failing Our Students,” 2017, p. 1). Children will seek out and find information related to sex outside the classroom, such as on the Internet, opening them up to potentially poor sources of information. Compounding the problem is that only 13 states currently require sexual education……
References
References
Abbott, K., Ellis, S. J., & Abbott, R. (2016). “We”ve got a lack of family values’: an examination of how teachers formulate and justify their approach to teaching sex and relationships education. Sex Education, 16(6), 678–691. doi:10.1080/14681811.2016.1169398
“America’s Sex Education: How We Are Failing Our Students,” (2017). USC Department of Nursing. Retrieved from https://nursing.usc.edu/blog/americas-sex-education/
Bauman, S.D. (2018). When sex ed pretends to be secular. Senior Independent Study Theses. Paper 8059. Retrieved from https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy/8059
Kirby, D. B. (2008). The impact of abstinence and comprehensive sex and STD/HIV education programs on adolescent sexual behavior. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 5(3), 18-27
Lepore, J. (2015). The facts of life. 94 Foreign Aff. 144 (2015).
National Conference of State Legislatures (2019). State policies on sex education in schools. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-policies-on-sex-education-in-schools.aspx
Pardini, P. (2019). The history of sexuality education. Rethinking Schools. Retrieved from http://rethinkingschools.aidcvt.com/sex/sexhisto.shtml
Planned Parenthood (2019). What is sex education? Retrieved from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/for-educators/what-sex-education
Study Document
Understanding The Factors Affecting The Success Of Credit Risk In
...Science Introduction
The banking business sector is enormously impacted by the perceptive and imperceptive factors in an intensely competitive environment. In recent times, this competition has stiffened all the more with the advancement of globalization. In each regard of their business operations, banks ought to take effective measures in order to diminish risk by pinpointing the prospective causes based on real-world circumstances. Imperatively, the banking sector is deemed to be a significant source of financing for several companies and entrepreneurs. In the past decade, there have been dramatic changes concerning the management of risk in the banking industry. Progressively more financial institutions and managers have augmented the focus on the significance of risk management. In delineation, risk management encompasses the practice of identifying, assessing and listing of risks followed by organized and cost-effective application of resources to curtail, supervise and control the probability and influence of disastrous events or to capitalize……
References
References
Bhattarai, Y. R. (2016). Effect of credit risk on the performance of Nepalese commercial banks. NRB Economic Review, 28(1), 41-64.
Das, A. and Ghosh, S. (2007). Determinants of Credit Risk in Indian State-owned Banks: An Empirical Investigation. Economic Issues, 12(2): 48-66.
Derelio?lu, G., & Gürgen, F. (2011). Knowledge discovery using neural approach for SME’s credit risk analysis problem in Turkey. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(8), 9313-9318
Garr, D. K. (2013). Determinants of credit risk in the banking industry of Ghana. Developing Country Studies, 3(11), 64-77.
Gizaw, M., Kebede, M., & Selvaraj, S. (2015). The impact of credit risk on profitability performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. African Journal of Business Management, 9(2), 59-66.
Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. New York: Sage.
Kithinji, A. M. (2010). Credit risk management and profitability of commercial banks in Kenya. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Limam, I. (2001). Measuring technical efficiency of Kuwaiti banks. Kuwait: Arab Planning Institute.
Study Document
Starbucks Corporation Operational Sustainability
...Science Introduction
Starbucks Corporation was established in 1971 and it is headquartered in Seattle, Washington. The company specializes in roasting, marketing, and retailing specialty coffee all over the world and accounts for about 3% of coffee sourcing globally. Serving 78 unique markets, the company is one of the biggest coffee roasters in the world and serves millions of patrons every day from its 30,000 plus stores around the globe. This article looks at how Starbucks has approached and operationalized the concept of sustainability.
Social Sustainability
In 2016, Starbucks floated a sustainability bond with the goal of financing coffee growing projects in various regions so as to promote environmental sustainability and socio-economic growth. Starbucks Corporation followed the guidelines presented by the Green Bond Principles 2016 in issuing its Starbucks Corporation Sustainability Bond Framework - also referred to simply as the “Framework”. The proceeds of the bond were directed at financing and refinancing……
References
References
Bruhn-Hansen, S. (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility–A case study of Starbucks’ CSR: communication through its corporate website. Unpublished master’s thesis, Illinois State University. Retrieved from http://pure. au. dk/portal/files/45282206/ba_thesis. pdf.
Harnrungchalotorn, S., & Phayonlerd, Y. (2016). Starbucks with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):“How Starbucks succeeds in a business world with CSR” (Doctoral dissertation, Master Thesis. Faculty Board of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT Business Administration).
Juneja, P. (2018). PESTLE Analysis of Starbucks. Retrieved November 21, 2019, from https://www.managementstudyguide.com/swot-analysis-of-unilever.htm .
Khalamayzer, A. (2017, November 16). How Starbucks brewed a stronger sustainability bond. Retrieved November 21, 2019, from https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-starbucks-brewed-stronger-sustainability-bond .
Steven Li. (2019, July 5). Is Starbucks actually serious about environmental sustainability? Retrieved November 21, 2019, from https://therising.co/2019/07/05/is-starbucks-actually-serious-about-environmental-sustainability/ .
Sustainalytics. (2019). Second-Party Opinion Starbucks Sustainability Bond. Sustainalytics Second-Party Opinion Review.
Study Document
Social Skills Training With Autism In Secondary Classroom
...Science Introduction
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) usually have a difficulty relating socially to others. The social difficulties they face are among the major symptoms of ASD. Persons with ASD who do not show considerable language or cognitive delays e.g. individuals diagnosed with high functioning autism or Asperger syndrome, usually make significant progress when put through certain interventions. Significant progress to the extent that they improve in terms of communication. However, even with interventions, social difficulties usually remain and may sometimes end up impacting the vocational or academic success of such individuals later in life. Even individuals with autism who have higher or average intelligence usually find it difficult to overcome social difficulties and to communicate in a manner that observes all the unwritten rules of conversation and social interactions (Radley, O’Handley & Sabey, 2017). For example, an individual diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders may not always say the right……
References
References
Adams, C., Lockton, E., Freed, J., Gaile, J., Earl, G., McBean, K., ... & Law, J. (2012). The Social Communication Intervention Project: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of speech and language therapy for school?age children who have pragmatic and social communication problems with or without autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 47(3), 233-244.
Adams, C., Lockton, E., Freed, J., Gaile, J., Earl, G., McBean, K., Nash, M., Green, J., Vail, A., and Law, J. (2011). An evidence-based program for school, & aged children: Social communication intervention project. Research report. Uppsala: Inst.
American Psychological Association (APA) (2006). Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology. American Psychologist, 61(4), 271–285. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.271
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Bmj, 315(7109), 629-634.
Higgins, J. P., & Green, S. (Eds.). (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (Vol. 4). John Wiley & Sons.
Hutchins, N. S., Burke, M. D., Bowman-Perrott, L., Tarlow, K. R., & Hatton, H. (2019). The Effects of Social Skills Interventions for Students With EBD and ASD: A Single-Case Meta-Analysis. Behavior modification, 0145445519846817.
Radley, K. C., O’Handley, R. D., & Sabey, C. V. (2017). Social Skills Training for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. In Handbook of Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder (pp. 231-254). Springer, Cham.
Study Document
Depression And Social Media
...Science Introduction
Loneliness is defined as “a subjective, unwelcome feeling of lack or loss of companionship. It happens when we have a mismatch between the quantity and quality of social relationships that we have, and those that we want” (Office for National Satistics). As Horne notes, loneliness and depression play off one another. Loneliness is not necessarily isolation from people as it is the feeling of being alone (Horne). Van Winkel et al. show that loneliness often is both a predictor and symptom of depression. Depression in other words is typically an underlying current in loneliness.
In recent years there has been a significant increase in the rate of depression among young adults (National Institute of Mental Health). Twenge, Cooper, Joiner, Duffy and Binau show that over the past decade, the number of adolescents who are depressed has more than doubled. This coincides with the rise of social media and the……
References
Works Cited
Andreassen, Cecilie Schou, Ståle Pallesen, and Mark D. Griffiths. \\\\\\\\\\\\"The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey.\\\\\\\\\\\\" Addictive behaviors 64 (2017): 287-293.
Bandura, A. “Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 13.2 (2018): 130-136.
Chester, Jeff, and Kathryn Montgomery. \\\\\\\\\\\\"No escape: Marketing to kids in the digital age.\\\\\\\\\\\\" Multinational Monitor 29.1 (2008): 11.
Greenberg, P. The Growing Economic Burden of Depression in the U.S. 2015. Retrieved from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/the-growing-economic-burden-of-depression-in-the-u-s/
Klinenberg, Eric. \\\\\\\\\\\\"Is loneliness a health epidemic?.\\\\\\\\\\\\" New York Times (2018): SR8.
Lim, Xin Jean, et al. \\\\\\\\\\\\"The impact of social media influencers on purchase intention and the mediation effect of customer attitude.\\\\\\\\\\\\" Asian Journal of Business Research 7.2 (2017): 19-36.
Lohmann, R. What\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Driving the Rise in Teen Depression? 2019. https://health.usnews.com/wellness/for-parents/articles/2019-04-22/teen-depression-is-on-the-rise
Mayo Clinic. “Depression.” MayoClinic, 2019. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20350985
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