Study Document
The Future of juvenile Justice
1. Do you think the United States will be better or worse in terms of the number of juvenile offenders and the severity of the offenses in the next 20 years? Why?
I think that the United States will be considerably better … offenses in the next 20 years? Why?
I think that the United States will be considerably better in regard to the number of juvenile offenders in tandem with the severity of the offenses committed in the next two decades. Since the onset of the 2000s, endeavors by … the 2000s, endeavors by legislators, non-profit organizations in addition to private citizens comparable have pressed for more rehabilitative endeavors to be employed in juvenile justice cases. What is definite, at least, is that the juvenile crime rate has declined substantially from the onset of the 2000s and most of them still continue to decline……
References
Baysinger Law. (2018). Factors Contributing to Juvenile Delinquency. Retrieved from: https://baysingerlaw.com/2018/03/factors-contributing-juvenile-delinquency/
Howell, J. C. (2003). Preventing and reducing juvenile delinquency: A comprehensive framework. New York: Sage.
International Juvenile Justice Obervatory. (2019). United Nations guidelines for the prevention of juvenile delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines). Retrieved from: http://www.oijj.org/en/preguntas-frecuentes#152481-0
Johns, B. (2018). Juvenile Justice in the United States: Juvenile life without parole. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/@bjohns81/juvenile-justice-the-american-justice-system-vs-other-countries-3dc6860c77ad
MST Services. (2018). Trends in Juvenile Crime. Retrieved from: http://info.mstservices.com/blog/trends-in-juvenile-crime
National Research Council. (2013). Reforming juvenile justice: A developmental approach. National Academies Press.
Smith, H. Problems and Solutions in Juvenile Justice. Resource Center Partnership.
Study Document
Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice
The juvenile justice system has a unique position in the American justice system as a whole. Its function should be to rehabilitate the juvenile offender before he or she becomes an adult criminal. juvenile records are expunged when the individual becomes an adult. There are, of course, some exceptions of when a juvenile who commits a very serious crime and is charged as an adult, but for the most part, in theory, juvenile criminals have a unique status. juvenile offenders also are unique in that because of their age they may be guilty of particular crimes that only juvenile can be convicted of, in the form of so-called status offenses. Status offenses such as truancy, violating age-specific curfews, running away, drinking alcohol, … (“Status Offenses,” 2020).
Status offenses are controversial and raise uncomfortable ethical questions from the perspective of the justice system. On one hand,……
References
Rovner, J. (2014). Disproportionate minority contact in the juvenile justice system. The Sentencing Project. Retrieved from: https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/disproportionate-minority-contact-in-the - juvenile-justice-system/
Status offenders. (2015). Development Services Group, Inc. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from: https://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg/litreviews/Status_Offenders.pdf
Study Document
General Strain Theory
Summary
General strain theory (GST) offers a unique explanation of delinquency and crime, which is in direct contrast to control and learning theories. The differentiation is through the type of social relationship that leads … crime, which is in direct contrast to control and learning theories. The differentiation is through the type of social relationship that leads to delinquency, and the motivation for delinquency. By analyzing GST, we can determine the effect or how criminal behavior is developed. GST looks at how a negative relationship will affect … (2013) are both testing general strain theory in their different criminal justice research articles. General strain theory (GST) offers a unique explanation of delinquency and crime, which is in direct contrast to control and learning theories. The differentiation is through the type of social relationship that leads … crime, which is in direct contrast to control and learning theories.……
References
Agnew, R. (2002). Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study on physical victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 19(4), 603-632.
Agnew, R. (2007). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Los Angeles,CA: Roxbury.
Cullen, F. T., Unnever, J. D., Hartman, J. L., Turner, M. G., & Agnew, R. (2008). Gender, bullying victimization, and juvenile delinquency: A test of general strain theory. Victims and Offenders, 3(4), 346-364.
Warner, B. D., & Fowler, S. K. (2003). Strain and violence: Testing a general strain theory model of community violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(6), 511-521.
Watts, S. J., & McNulty, T. L. (2013). Childhood abuse and criminal behavior: Testing a general strain theory model. Journal of interpersonal violence, 28(15), 3023-3040.
Study Document
… considered its inner circle that governs gang activity levels and fundamental nature. They are often engaged to a greater extent in acts of delinquency or offending as compared to fringe members. Attributes of gangs include violence, group organization, symbolism, territory, leadership, and repeated interaction (Finelli, 2019). The longer … group offenses.
Gangs use graffiti to demarcate their territory and use threats to intimidate other people. Further, the authors noted that high individual delinquency levels and the existence of gangs in the neighborhood proved to be major gang crime predictors. Against the expectations of authors, the perceived ……
References
Alleyne, E., & Wood, J. L. (2013). Gang-related crime: The social, psychological, and behavioral correlates. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(7), 611-627.
FBI, (n.d.). Gangs. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/violent-crime/gangs#The-Gang%20Threat on 12 June 2020
Finelli, G. A. (2019). Slash, Shoot, Kill Gang Recruitment of Children, and the Penalties Gangs Face. Family Court Review, 57(2), 243-257.
Hesketh, R. F. (2018). A critical exploration of why some individuals with similar backgrounds do or do not become involved in deviant street groups and the potential implications for their future life choices. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Chester, United Kingdom).
Hesketh, R.F. (2019). Joining gangs: living on the edge?. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, Vol. 5 No. 4; 280-294.
Higginson, A., Benier, K., Shenderovich, Y., Bedford, L., Mazerolle, L., & Murray, J. (2018). Factors associated with youth gang membership in low?and middle?income countries: a systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 14(1), 1-128.
Howell, J. C. (2010). Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Klein, M.W. (1995). The American street gang: Its nature, prevalence, and control. New York: Oxford University Press.
Study Document
… Jesse’s rambunctiousness was never diagnosed as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but certainly could have been; ADHD being a major risk factor in delinquency and criminal behavior (Bartol & Bartol, 2016).
Within a year after her husband’s suicide, Jesse’s mother placed him—but not his siblings--in foster care … was ten years old and his abandonment first by his father and then his mother undoubtedly contributed to his deviant behaviors as a juvenile and young adult. Upbringing and the nuclear family “have long been identified in criminology literature as a crucial factor in a child’s or … Jesse Imeson,” 2018, p. 1). The mother abandoning her eldest son constitutes neglect, which is “one of the strongest risk factors identified with delinquency and a life of crime,” (Bartol & Bartol, 2016, p. 62). Upbringing and the nuclear family “have long been identified in criminology literature ……
References
Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A, M. (2018). Criminal behavior: A psychological approach. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions.
“Jesse Imeson charged in death of Windsor man,” (2007). CTV News. Retrieved from: https://www.ctvnews.ca/jesse-imeson-charged-in-death-of-windsor-man-1.251008
Lessard, C. (2008). So, why did he do it? Grand Bend Strip. Retrieved from: https://grandbendstrip.com/2008/11/so-why-did-he-do-it/
“LFP Archives: The hunt for, and truth about, spree killer Jesse Imeson,” (2018). The London Free Press. Retrieved from: https://lfpress.com/news/local-news/lfp-archives-the-hunt-for-and-truth-about-spree-killer-jesse-imeson
“Man who killed elderly couple and bartender has appeal rejected by Supreme Court,” (2019). CBC. Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/man-who-killed-elderly-couple-and-bartender-has-appeal-rejected-by-supreme-court-1.5129542
Mellor, L. (2013). Rampage. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn
Paiva, M. (2019). Windsor murderer claims he was sexually abused. iHeart Radio. Retrieved from: http://www.iheartradio.ca/purecountry/bc-north/windsor-murderer-claims-he-was-sexually-abused-1.9198384
Perkel, C. (2018). Family of victims lash out as smirking killer gets life sentence. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/family-of-victims-lash-out-as-smirking-killer-gets-life-sentence/article1350382/
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