Judicial System Essays (Examples)
Study Document
The US Sentencing System Disparities And Discrimination
… other groups, this phrase does not mean much. This is because they face discrimination at sentencing and other stages of the criminal justice system. For example, the poor in the United States in America are more likely to be arrested, more likely to get low-quality legal representation, … likely to get maximum sentences than the rich. The paper’s goal is to investigate sentencing discrimination and disparities in the American criminal justice system (Spohn, 2008).
Sentencing Disparities and Discrimination
Despite the increased focus on discrimination and leadership changes at the federal justice department, disparities and discrimination … focus on discrimination and leadership changes at the federal justice department, disparities and discrimination persist at different levels of the American criminal justice system. This, in no way, means that the American criminal justice system is set up to discriminate against certain populations in the United States intentionally. What it means is that……
References
References
Daly, K., & Tonry, M. (1997). Gender, Race, and Sentencing. Crime and Justice, 22, 201-252. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1147574
Farrell, A., Ward, G., & Rousseau, D. (2010). Intersections of gender and race in federal sentencing: examining court contexts and the effects of representative court authorities. Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice, 1, 85.
Hessick, C. B. (2010). Race and gender as explicit sentencing factors. Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice, 1, 127.
Mauer, M. (2010). Justice for all challenging racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Hum. Rts., 37, 14.
Smith, D. (2006). Narrowing Racial Disparities in Sentencing through a System of Mandatory Downward Departures. The Modern American, Summer 2006, 32–37.
Spohn, C. (2008). How do judges decide?: the search for fairness and justice in punishment. Sage Publications.
Yang, C. S. (2015). Free at last? Judicial discretion and racial disparities in federal sentencing. The Journal of Legal Studies, 44(1), 75-111.
Study Document
Ethical Issues Conflicts Of Interest
… the bar for civilized people demands that society disapproves of the violation of ethical behavior and moral decorum (Pathranarakul, 2005).
Distrust of the judicial system
The genesis of societal distrust towards its institutions is anchored on a range of actions that promote the perception of injustice. Poor performance … the political class and the institutions that they run is what bred the reinforcement of the emergent counter-majority organizations, especially about the judiciary system. According to Claus Offe (1999), institutional distrust arises because of their incoherence involving the allotted resources. Trusting institutions are driven by the assumption … of their primary norms and function, visa-a-vis the normative values for which they were established in the…[break]…in resolving disputes within the criminal justice system. While circle sentencing was initially meant to address the needs of the aborigines, it is now applied to non-aboriginal offenders. It is a ……
References
References
Alterio, E. (2011). From judicial comity to legal comity: A judicial solution to global disorder?I-CON, 9(2), 394-424. doi: 10.1093/icon/mor036
BrainMass. (2019). Correctional officer subculture: Ethics. Retrieved from https://brainmass.com/law/familylaw/correctional-officer-subculture-ethics-165895
Filgueiras, F. (2011).Transparência e controle da corrupção no Brasil. In: Corrupção e sistemapolítico no Brasil, edited by Leonardo Avritzer and Fernando Filgueiras. Rio de Janeiro: CivilizaçãoBrasileira.
Kindregan, C. (1975).Conflict of interest and the lawyer in civil practice. Retrieved from https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol10/iss3/2
Legal Dictionary. (2018). Conflict of interest. Retrieved from https://legaldictionary.net/conflict-of-interest/
Lilles, H. (2002). Circle sentencing: Part of the restorative justice continuum. IIRP. Retrieved from https://www.iirp.edu/news/circle-sentencing-part-of-the-restorative-justice-continuum
Montes, A., Mears, D., &Conchran, J. (2016). The privatization debate: A conceptual framework for improving (public and private) corrections. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 32(4). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305418634_The_Privatization_Debate_A_Conceptual_Framework_for_Improving_Public_and_Private_Corrections
Off, C. (1999). How can we trust our fellow citizens? In: Democracy and trust, edited by Mark Warren. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Study Document
Gun Violence Among African American Community
Gun Violence Effect on African American Community
Introduction
The African American community has faced the brunt of the criminal justice system in the aftermath of gun violence. For starters, the violence takes a toll on these communities. The violence that emanates from the use … limited to the police, are under thorough scrutiny regarding the treatment of people of color. There are calls for reforms in the justice system owing to the disproportionate numbers of people of color in incarceration. Also, the increase in gun violence across the populace and the states … color in incarceration. Also, the increase in gun violence across the populace and the states has triggered public outcry for changes in the judicial system to bolster the safety of the public(Urban Institute, 2016).
system failures to address the challenge of system discrimination, inability to restrict guns from being accessed by deviant elements that are likely to……
References
References
Armstrong, M., & Carlson, J. (2019). Speaking of trauma: The race talk, the gun violence talk, and the racialization of gun trauma. Palgrave Communications, 5(112). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0320-z
Maxson, C. L., Hennigan, K, and D. C. Sloane. (2003). For the sake of the neighborhood? Civil gang injunctions as a gang intervention tool in Southern California. In Scott H. Decker, Ed. Policing Gangs and Youth Violence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning
Morris, S. (2018). Mass shootings in the US: There have been 1,624 in 1,870 days. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2017/oct/02/america-mass-shootings-gun-violence
Payne, B. K. (2006). Weapon bias: split-second decisions and unintended stereotyping. Curr Directions Psychological Sci, 15(6), 287–291.
Roman, J. K. (2013).Race, justifiable homicide, and stand your ground laws: Analysis of FBI supplementary homicide report data. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=265405
Schopper, D., Lormand, J. D.,&Waxweiler, R (eds). (2006).Developing policies to prevent injuries and violence: guidelines for policy-makers and planners. Geneva, World Health Organization.
Tate, J., Jenkins, J., Rich, S., Muyskens, J., Elliott, K., Mellnik, T., &Williams, A. (2016).How the Washington Post is examining police shootings in the United States. The Washington Post.
Tita, G. E., Troshynski, E., & Graves, M. (2007). Strategies for reducing gun violence: The role of gangs, drugs, and firearm accessibility. Research Report: National Crime Prevention Centre (NCPC). Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/rdcng-gn-vlnc/rdcng-gn-vlnc-eng.pdf
Study Document
Sociology Law And Identity
… of the community. The only sensible question, therefore, is, to what extent does culture share individuals' identity and, by extension, the justice and judicial system? The effect of culture on an individual can be traced back to the time of birth and the initial stages of intellectual development. … overlooked. Culture is also an integral part of determining what is right and what is wrong, which is the basis of the legal system. As a result, in the application of the same, the individual's culture must be factored in. Especially when such an individual is from … factored in. Especially when such an individual is from a minority culture that is not addressed in the formulation of the applicable legal system. However, it is acknowledged that the application of culture in the justice system must not be made to deny others their right or to prevent the effective delivery……
References
References
Renteln, A. D. (2004). The cultural defense. Oxford University Press.
Study Document
Blacks And The Reconstruction
...Judicial system The Goals of Reconstruction
President Lincoln stated in his Second Inaugural that the U.S., now whole again, should work “to bind up the nation’s wounds”—but with his assassination, and the voice of America’s better angels now gone, Reconstruction got off to a rockier start than the deceased president would have hoped to have seen. Reconstruction was supposed to be a new dawn of brotherhood; the South was to be forgiven, and blacks were supposed to be equal. What had been razed to the ground during Sherman’s March to the Sea was now to be rebuilt so that order could be re-established. Frederick Douglass, writing in The Atlantic in 1866, stated that enfranchisement of the free black would only come if the federal government passed laws to protect the newly freed former slaves and brought the law of the North into the South. What happened, however, was something else entirely. The……
References
Works Cited
A&E. “Carpetbaggers and Scalawags.” History, 2018. https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/carpetbaggers-and-scalawags
Douglass, Frederick. “Reconstruction.” The Atlantic, 1866. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1866/12/reconstruction/304561/
Guelzo, Allen. Reconstruction Didn\\\\'t Fail. It Was Overthrown. Time, 2018. http://time.com/5256940/reconstruction-failure-excerpt/
McBride, Alex. “Plessy v. Ferguson.” Thirteen, 2007. https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_plessy.html
Johnson, Andrew. “A Proclamation.” Digital History, 1865. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/section4/section4_pardon1.html
Lincoln, Abraham. Second Inaugural Address, 1865. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln2.asp
Study Document
Criminology Theory
Criminology Theory
Answer A:
The documentary showed how the criminal justice system is biased towards the whites while having a huge number of African-American imprisoned. This documentary revolves around the racial injustice that happens within … the whites while having a huge number of African-American imprisoned. This documentary revolves around the racial injustice that happens within the criminal justice system, incarcerating many African-Americans on petty crimes, filling most of the prisons with them. This is shown as just an extension of slavery, which … as APEC joined itself with the private owners, nearly privatizing several laws that pass, declining the expert opinion and making it a profit-making system. America’s president always had this thing for maintaining the law and order for which they ordered mass incarceration, showing changes in the emotional … and order for which they ordered mass incarceration, showing changes in the emotional tone of crime policy.
Answer……
Study Document
Immigration Reform
...Judicial system Why Immigration Reform is Needed
Immigration reform has almost always been a thorny issue in America. Though it is popularly believed that America was born of a nation of immigrants, the reality is that the original 13 colonies largely consisted of individuals from one specific part of Europe—England—and from the time of the War for Independence onward it was a White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASPs) ethic that served as the fulcrum for American power and politics. It was this fulcrum that established the concept of “Manifest Destiny”—i.e., the idea that it was America’s (that is, the WASP’s) destiny in life to expand and take over the land as far as it could see (O’Sullivan). “Manifest Destiny” was used to justify taking land from Mexico and it was implicitly used to justify American expansionism overseas. In other words, WASPs wanted to expand their control and exert their influence and power. The arrival……
References
Works Cited
Bartoletti, Susan C. 2001. Black Potatoes: The Story of the Great Irish Famine, 1845-1850. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.
Calavita, Kitty. Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and the I. N. S. New York, NY: Routledge, 1992.
Federation for American Immigration Reform. “The costs of illegal immigration on United States taxpayers—2013 edition.” FAIR. https://fairus.org/issue/publications-resources/fiscal-burden-illegal-Immigration-2013
Hafetz, J. “Immigration and national security law: Converging approaches to state power, individual rights, and judicial review.” ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 18.3. (2012): 628.
O’Sullivan, J. L. “Manifest Destiny,” in Voices of Freedom: A Documentary History, 4th edition, ed. Eric Foner. New York: W.W. Norton, 2014.
McCaffrey, Lawrence John. The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America. CUA Press, 1997.
Study Document
The Karen Ann Quinlan Case Legal Aspects Of Healthcare
… the ventilator was not supported by her doctors. Here, the judge made a finding that the decision at hand was more medical than judicial. As Rosenthal (2018) further points out, it was also found that any move to disconnect the respirator would in this particular case be … court, to be more specific, “held a new interpretation of the right of privacy, and that Miss Quinlan’s interest in having her life-support system disconnected exceeded the state’s interest in preserving life, so long as medical authorities saw ”no reasonable possibility” that she would recover” (Karen Ann ……
References
References
Drane, J.F. (1994). Clinical Bioethics: Theory and Practice in Medical Ethical Decision-making. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
Holland, S., Kitzinger, C. & Kitzinger, J. (2014). Death, treatment decisions and the permanent vegetative state: evidence from families and experts. Med Health Care Philos., 17(3), 413-423.
Karen Ann Quinlan Hospice (2019). The Story of Karen Ann Quinlan Made Headlines! Retrieved from https://www.karenannquinlanhospice.org/about/history/
Mizzoni, J. (2011). Ethics: The Basics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Rosenthal, M.S. (2018). Clinical Ethics on Film: A Guide for Medical Educators. New York, NY: Springer.
Singer, P. (2013). A Companion to Ethics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
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