Study Document
… Urinary tract infections are generally common among children and can pose severe bacterial infection during childhood (Kaufman, Temple-Smith & Sanci, 2019). Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of the condition is critical to help improve a child’s condition and lessen the significant economic burden it brings to the … of the condition is critical to help improve a child’s condition and lessen the significant economic burden it brings to the healthcare system. Diagnosis of this condition entails examining a patient’s family and medical history. Since the mother has indicated she had problems when she was child, … this condition entails examining a patient’s family and medical history. Since the mother has indicated she had problems when she was child, the diagnosis would require collecting additional information regarding her family history. This would help establish whether the child’s condition is associated with a genetic predisposition … important to obtain the child’s……
References
Kaufman, J., Temple-Smith, M. & Sanci, L. (2019, September 12). Urinary Tract Infections in Children: An Overview of Diagnosis and Management. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 3, 1-9.
Leung, A.K.C., Wong, A.H.C., Leung, A.A.M. & Hon, K.L. (2019, May). Urinary Tract Infection in Children. Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery, 13(1), 2-18.
Study Document
… the potential differential diagnoses for her condition is urinary incontinence (Aoki et al., 2017). Some of the signs/symptoms that could result in this diagnosis include the accidental urine leakage, restricted mobility, irritation, and constipation. The second differential diagnosis that could be applicable to the patient’s condition is overactive bladder (OAB), which is a condition associated with unexpected strong urge to void … she wakes up at night to pass urine and urge incontinence.
Assessment or work-up for this patient is essential to determine an appropriate diagnosis for her condition. A comprehensive assessment involving medical history, urinalysis, physical assessment, and post-void residual volume (Aoki et al., 2017). When conducting the ……
References
Aoki, Y., Brown, H.W., Brubaker, L., Cornu, J.N., Daly, J.O. & Cartwright, R. (2017, July). Urinary Incontinence in Women. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3, 1-44.
DeMaagd, G.A. & Davenport, T.C. (2012, June). Management of Urinary Incontinence. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 37(6), 345-361.
Study Document
… of underarm and pubic hair at an early age. Based on the ICD-10 Codes, his condition falls under E80.9, which is used for diagnosis of disorders of puberty (ICD10 Data, 2018).
Key Differential Diagnoses:
· Precocious puberty (E30.1): The patient could be diagnosed with this condition because ……
References
ICD10 Data. (2018). 2020 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code E30.1. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/E00-E89/E20-E35/E30-/E30.1
Oberfield, S.E., Sopher, A.B. & Gerken, A.T. (2011, June). Approach to the Girl with Early Onset of Pubic Hair. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(6), 1610-1622.
Study Document
...Diagnosis Severe abdominal pain with bloody diarrhea at a frequency of twenty times per day can be a sign of a serious condition. In fact, the healthcare team should treat the issue as a medical emergency given the possibility of a life-threatening illness (Holtz, Neill & Tarr, 2009). Immediately I would question the patient regarding her medical and family history, including questions related to whether or not this was the first time she has experienced these symptoms. I would also inquire about the patient’s recent travels because it is possible the symptoms point to an infectious disease or a food-borne illness. Whatever the situation, the patient must first replenish the depleted fluids and electrolytes immediately during the administration of diagnostic procedures and patient monitoring. Also, it would be important to find out if the patient is on any medications including antibiotics, and whether or not she was pregnant. Some medications can……
References
Holtz, L.R., Neill, M.A. & Tarr, P.I. (2009). Acute bloody diarrhea. Gastroenterology 2009(136). Retrieved from: https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(09)00344-8/pdf
LaRocque, R. & Harris, J.B. (2019). Patient education: acute diarrhea in adults. Up To Date. Retrieved from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-adults-beyond-the-basics
Larsen, C.M., Nakamura, K.M. & Bhagra, A. (2012). 34-year old woman with abdonaml pain and blood-streaked diarrhea. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 87(9): 905-908.
Study Document
… cholelithiasis rarely presents symptoms. Abdominal discomfort, nausea, jaundice and biliary colic are some symptoms of the condition. Imaging techniques are the most accurate diagnosis tools for gallbladder diseases. However, laboratory values such as CBC, serum amylase, liver-function testing and lipase can help differentiate the type of gallbladder … asymptomatic. The stones are usually identified during autopsy or a surgical procedure of an unrelated condition. The condition is the most common inpatient diagnosis among liver and gastrointestinal diseases in the United States. Although the disease is asymptomatic, patients can progress into symptomatic condition of the disease. ……
References
Anderson, P. O., Knoben, J. E., & Troutman, W. G. (2010). Clinical drug data. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
Al-alem, F., Mattar, R. E., Madkhali, A., Alsharabi, A., Alsaif, F., & Hassanain, M. (April 26, 2017). Incidental Gallbladder Cancer.
Borzellino, G., & Cordiano, C. (2008). Biliary lithiasis: Basic science, current diagnosis, and management. Milan: Springer.
Bullock, ., Shane, ., & Hales, . (2012). Principles of Pathophysiology. Sydney: P. Ed Australia.
In Agresta, F., In Campanile, F. C., & In Vettoretto, N. (2014). Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An Evidence-based Guide.
In Cox, M. R., In Eslick, G. D., & In Padbury, R. (2018). The management of gallstone disease: A practical and evidence-based approach.
In Wang, D. Q.-H., & In Portincasa, P. A. M. (2017). Gallstones: Recent advances in epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management.
Jugenheimer, M., Immenroth, M., Berg, T., & Brenner, J. (2008). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Heidelberg: Springer.
Study Document
… this paper, we will describe what a phobia is and offer the differentiation of phobias from normal fear. We will then provide the diagnosis criteria for phobias as indicated in the DSM-5 manual. The 4Ds will be analyzed as they relate to phobia and the models of … the DSM-5 manual one should be well trained in how to use the manual to ensure that they offer their clients an adequate diagnosis. When making a diagnosis the clinician should ensure that they respect the client. Clinicians are supposed to be nonjudgmental in their diagnosis and using the DSM-5 manual can result in the clinician being judgmental (Sutherland et al., 2016). The diagnoses given by the manual seem … beneficence, the clinician can be termed as doing good and not be seen to be violating the respect of the client. Providing a diagnosis offers the client an opportunity to get……
References
Campos, D., Mira, A., Bretón-López, J., Castilla, D., Botella, C., Baños, R. M., & Quero, S. (2018). The acceptability of an internet-based exposure treatment for flying phobia with and without therapist guidance: patients’ expectations, satisfaction, treatment preferences, and usability. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 14, 879.
Carleton, R. N., Thibodeau, M. A., Weeks, J. W., Teale Sapach, M. J. N., McEvoy, P. M., Horswill, S. C., & Heimberg, R. G. (2014). Comparing short forms of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Psychological assessment, 26(4), 1116-1126. doi:10.1037/a0037063
Erceg-Hurn, D. M., & McEvoy, P. M. (2018). Bigger is better: Full-length versions of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale outperform short forms at assessing treatment outcome. Psychological assessment, 30(11), 1512-1526. doi:10.1037/pas0000601
Goetter, E. M., Frumkin, M. R., Palitz, S. A., Swee, M. B., Baker, A. W., Bui, E., & Simon, N. M. (2018). Barriers to mental health treatment among individuals with social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Psychological Services, No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified. doi:10.1037/ser0000254
Halldorsdottir, T., & Ollendick, T. H. (2016). Long-term outcomes of brief, intensive CBT for specific phobias: The negative impact of ADHD symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(5), 465-471. doi:10.1037/ccp0000088
Hirsch, J. A. (2018). Integrating Hypnosis with Other Therapies for Treating Specific Phobias: A Case Series. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 60(4), 367-377.
Leitenberg, H., Agras, W. S., Barlow, D. H., & Oliveau, D. C. (1969). Contribution of selective positive reinforcement and therapeutic instructions to systematic desensitization therapy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74(1), 113-118. doi:10.1037/h0027063
Probst, T., Berger, T., Meyer, B., Späth, C., Schröder, J., Hohagen, F., . . . Klein, J. P. (2019). Social phobia moderates the outcome in the EVIDENT study: A randomized controlled trial on an Internet-based psychological intervention for mild to moderate depressive symptoms [Press release]
Study Document
… Schoevers, Kendler, et al., (2015) point out, a low threshold for diagnosing major depressive disorder is more likely to lead to a comorbidity diagnosis for a client. While the DSM-V does not offer guidelines for classifying patients as being mild, moderate, or severe, the clinician may discriminate … not offer guidelines for classifying patients as being mild, moderate, or severe, the clinician may discriminate between depression severity among patients with the diagnosis (Tolentino & Schmidt, 2018). It is also worth noting the various “overlapping mechanisms” in generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder,” especially with … manage, and which interferes with daily life for a period of at least six months (Glasofer, 2019, p. 1). To receive the formal diagnosis of GAD, the client must also exhibit at least three of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating, muscle aches, and difficulty ……
References
American Counseling Association (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from: https://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf
American Group Psychotherapy Association (2007). Practice guidelines for group psychotherapy. Retrieved from: https://www.agpa.org/docs/default-source/practice-resources/download-full-guidelines-(pdf-format)-group-works!-evidence-on-the-effectiveness-of-group-therapy.pdf?sfvrsn=ce6385a9_2
“Clinical Thinking Skills,” (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://in.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/44297_3.pdf
Glasofer, D.R. (2019). Generalized anxiety disorder. Retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/dsm-5-criteria-for-generalized-anxiety-disorder-1393147
MacNamara, A., Kotov, R. & Hajcak, G. (2016). Diagnosis and symptom-based predictors of emotional processing in generalized anxiety disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: An Event-Related Potential Study. Cognitive Therapy and Research 40(2016): 275-289.
Plummer, F., Manea, L., Trepel, D., et al. (2016). Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. General Hospital Psychiatry 39(2016): 24-31.
Suszek, H., Holas, P., Wyrzykowski, T., et al. (2015). Short-term intensive psychodynamic group therapy versus cognitive-behavioral group therapy in day treatment of anxiety disorders and comorbid depressive or personality disorders: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 16(2015): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517633/
Thimm, J.C. & Antonsen, L. (2014). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy for depression in routine practice. BMC Psychiatry 14(292): https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-014-0292-x
Study Document
Chronic GI/GU Condition Case Studies
Scenario 1
The primary diagnosis in the present scenario would be gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The diagnosis in this case has been made on the strength of the presenting symptoms. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and … couple of months, the lining of his esophagus is irritated – hence the need for immediate medical attention to ease symptoms. The differential diagnosis in the present scenario would be peptic ulcer disease- specifically gastric ulcers. These are essentially open sores on the stomach’s inner lining. A … suffering from gastric ulcers is likely to experience discomfort in the middle of his abdomen – described as a burning sensation. The alternative diagnosis could also be inclusive of gastroparesis, dyspepsia, and gastritis.
To ascertain the primary diagnosis, it would be prudent to conduct additional diagnostic testing. In this case, an upper endoscopy would come in……
References
Fisichella, P.M., Allaix, M.E., Morino, M. & Patti, M.G. (Eds.). (2014). Esophageal Diseases: Evaluation and Treatment. New York, NY: Springer.
Lacy, B.E. & Patel, B.K. (2017). Rome Criteria and a Diagnostic Approach to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Clin Med., 6(11), 95-101.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – NIDDK (2014). Symptoms & Causes of GER & GERD. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/symptoms-causes
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – NIDDK (2019). Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome
National Cancer Institute (2019). NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/benign-prostatic-hypertrophy
Study Document
… criteria has been chosen for diagnosing the mental health condition the patient is experiencing. DSM-5 lists the following criteria in making a depression diagnosis. The patient must experience more than five symptoms during a period of two weeks and one of the symptoms should either be a … almost daily
7. Recurrent suicidal thoughts without an specific plan, or a suicidal attempt or planning to commit suicide
To get a depression diagnosis, the above symptoms should cause the patient medically considerable impairment or distress in occupational, social, or…[break]…patient-centered. The definition of clinical reasoning is that … 2013). Nevertheless, the above would only be recommended with the clinician able to decide whether to use it or not.
Critique of the diagnosis
The criteria of diagnosis can be regarded an instance of actor-observer bias in social science. This bias refers to the propensity to stress internal causes (traits) when … of……
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. BMC Med, 17, 133-137.
Buntrock, C., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Smit, F., Riper, H., Berking, M., & Cuijpers, P. (2016). Effect of a web-based guided self-help intervention for prevention of major depression in adults with subthreshold depression: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 315(17), 1854-1863.
Davaasambuu, S., Aira, T., Hamid, P., Wainberg, M., & Witte, S. (2017). Risk and resilience factors for depression and suicidal ideation in Mongolian college students. Mental health & prevention, 5, 33.
Gilbert, P. (2016). Depression: The evolution of powerlessness. Routledge.
Hammen, C. (2018). Risk factors for depression: An autobiographical review. Annual review of clinical psychology, 14, 1-28.
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan.
Khoury, B., Langer, E. J., & Pagnini, F. (2014). The DSM: mindful science or mindless power? A critical review. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 602.
MacGill, M. (2017). What is depression and what can I do about it? Medical News Today. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/kc/depression-causes-symptoms-treatments-8933.
Study Document
… Scenario
1. What are the components of physical examination? Describe each component. (See Module 1, Commentary, Topic 8. Disease Categories, Part B. Steps in Diagnosis attached)
As per the course module, there are several components of a physical examination. To begin with, we have the observation of the ……
References
American Heart Association (2020). Understanding Blood Pressure Readings. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-reading s
Davis, C.P. (2018). CT Scan vs. MRI Differences between Machines, Costs, Uses. Retrieved from https://www.medicinenet.com/ct_scan_vs_mri/article.htm
Palmer, A. (2005). A Simple Guide to Blood Pressure. Mason, OH: CSF Medical Communications.
Sawyers, T. (2019). CT Scan vs. MRI. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/ct-scan-vs-mri
Taylor, R. (2002). Family Medicine: Principles and Practice. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.
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