Study Document
Introduction
Race has always been a cultural factor in the U.S. and it is certainly a factor in today’s criminal justice system. James (2018:30) has shown that current “research on police officers has found that they tend to associate African Americans with threat” (30). A … 2012).
The Root of the Problem
Alexander (2012) notes that the mass incarceration of African Americans is because of racial prejudice in the criminal justice system (informed by the same culture that promote Manifest Destiny nearly 200 years ago): she points out, for instance, that 50% of the young … years ago): she points out, for instance, that 50% of the young African American male population is “currently under the control of the criminal justice system” (Alexander 2012:16). Another issue is the unjust War on Drugs which disproportionately impacts African Americans, who are commonly denied representation and are pushed … wait for change to……
References
Aguirre, A., & Baker, D. V. (Eds.). 2008. Structured inequality in the United States: Critical discussions on the continuing significance of race, ethnicity, and gender. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Alexander, Michelle. 2012. The New Jim Crow. New York: New Press.
Davis, Angela. 2012. The Meaning of Freedom. San Francisco: City Light Books.
James, Lois. 2018. The stability of implicit racial bias in police officers. Police Quarterly 21(1):0-52.
Lopez, German. 2018. There are huge racial disparities in how US police use force. Retrieved July 30, 2019 ( https://www.vox.com/identities/2016/8/13/17938186/police-shootings-killings-racism-racial-disparities ).
O’Sullivan, John. 1845. Annexation. United States Magazine and Democratic Review 17(1):5-10.
Pettit, Becky, and Bruce Western. 2004. Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in US incarceration." American sociological review 69(2):151-169.
Plessy v. Ferguson. 1896. Retrieved July 30, 2019 ( https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/163us537 ).
Study Document
Gender and Crime
Problem of Equality in the criminal justice System
Why Women Need Special Gender Specific Programs in Prison
Some of the biggest hurdles the criminal justice system in implementing programs and policies that effectively address the needs and experiences of female offenders are that this population is so small … include child care services, separate dwelling places for pregnant offenders, mentor programs tailored for women so that they can get out of the system and not become recidivists, and substance abuse treatment resources. There is also the need to promote support systems for women so that they can build and develop healthy and supportive relationships.
These are challenges because women have different social needs than … women have different social needs than males and their interaction style is different and thus places unique requirements upon program providers within the criminal justice system. They are vulnerable to sexual……
References
Bloom, B., & Covington, S. (1998, November). Gender-specific programming for female offenders: What is it and why is it important. In 50th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Washington, DC.
Study Document
… really adults their lives have been forfeited to the state. The question this documentary asks is whether this is a fair approach to criminal justice. The documentary looks at both sides of the issue, showing that from one perspective it does not seem fair that a mistake—even one … also the members of the families of some of the victims, who give their perspective. Some of the groups involved are the Equal justice Initiative, as well as the Center for Law, Brain and Behavior. A reporter for the Marshall Project is there to help show that … But the documentary tends to fall on the side of mercy and clemency, as it ends on a tone of optimism that the criminal justice system finally moving in the right direction by allowing these individuals to be paroled. If there is any bias in the documentary it ……
Study Document
… to prevent the contamination of any evidence that might be available (Almirall, Ballou, Carroll et al., 2013). For example, there may still be criminal suspects in crime scene that could represent a threat to first responders or there may be hazardous materials such as biological or radiological ……
References
Almirall, J. R., Ballou, S., Carroll, P. et al. (2013, September). Crime scene investigation: A guide for law enforcement. Largo, FL: National Forensic Science Technology Center.
Casey, J. & Burke, T. (2009, June). Police and EMS. Law & Order, 51(6), 97-101.
Gehl, R. (2019). Crime scene management. Introduction to Criminal Investigations. Retrieved from https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/criminalinvestigation/chapter/chapter-8-crime-scene-management/ .
Florida International University, National Forensic Science Technology Center. (n.d.). Crime scene investigation guide. Retrieved from https://www.nfstc.org/products/crime-scene-investigation-guide/ .
Richards, G. E. Chapters 3, 5 and 6.
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… the deaths related to the WOD, as well as the social entropy in communities, families, and within individuals (London, 2005; Pearl, 2018)
2. criminal distracting attention from more central concerns linked to capitalism, psychological wellbeing, and healthcare (ACLU, 2020; Coyne & Hall, 2017; London, 2005).
3. National … & Milner 2005; Taylor, Buchanan & Aynes, 2016).
B. Government, public policy, global affairs (Coyne & Hall, 2017; Godlee & Hurley, 2016)
C. criminal, justice (ACLU, 2020; “America is At War,” n.d.; Farabee, Prendergast & Anglin, 1998).
D. Other sociological issues
1. Organized crime and terrorism (“America is … illogical and empirically proven to be an illegitimate and ineffective strategy.
C. Drugs have been branded and arbitrarily classified as “socially acceptable” versus “criminal,” when drugs themselves are simply tools and can be considered useful.
D. Drug abuse is not a criminal issue.
Introduction
People like drugs. Drugs derived from plants, from……
References
ACLU (2020). Against drug prohibition. Retrieved from: https://www.aclu.org/other/against-drug-prohibition
“America is At War,” (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/paradox/htele.html
Bambauer, J. Y. (2012). How the war on drugs distorts privacy law. Stanford Law Review 62(2012). Retrieved from: https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/online/how-the-war-on-drugs-distorts-privacy-law/
Benson, B.L., Kim., I., Rasmussen, D.W., et al. (1992, 2006). Is property crime caused by drug use or by drug enforcement policy? Applied Economics 24(7): 679-692.
Best, D., Irving, J. & Albertson, K. (2016). Recovery and desistance: what the emerging recovery movement in the alcohol and drug area can learn from models of desistance from offending. Addiction Research & Theory 25(1): 1-10.
Coomber, R., Moyle, L., Belackova, V., et al. (2018). The burgeoning recognition and accommodation of the social supply of drugs in international criminal justice systems: An eleven-nation comparative overview. International Journal of Drug Policy 58(2018): 98-103.
Coyne, C.J. & Hall, A. R. (2017). Four decades and counting. CATO Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/four-decades-counting-continued-failure-war-drugs
Farabee, D., Prendergast, M. & Anglin, M.D. (1998). The effectiveness of coerced treatment for drug-abusing offenders. 62 Fed. Probation 3 (1998).
Study Document
… retain the death penalty.
Introduction
The continuing use of the death penalty for specific crimes remains a distinguishing feature of the American penal system. Much criticism has been waged at the death penalty, and for good reason. After all, it is important to be fully certain that … a reasonable degree of certainty. The death penalty may not deter some people, but could be a meaningful deterrent for others. Keeping violent criminal locked up in prison for decades costs more money than the average taxpayer realizes, and financial cost alone could suffice to explain why … the average taxpayer realizes, and financial cost alone could suffice to explain why the death penalty should remain extant in the United States criminal justice system.
Body
The death penalty has its roots in the Code of Hammurabi—one of the earliest recorded legal codes. Within the Code of Hammurabi, … has its roots……
References
ACLU (n.d.). The case against the death penalty. Retrieved from: https://www.aclu.org/other/case-against-death-penalty
The Code of Hammurabi. Trans. By L.W. King. Retrieved from: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp
“Top 10 Pro & Con Arguments,” (2016). ProCon. Retrieved from: https://deathpenalty.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=002000
World Population Review (2019). Countries with death penalty 2019. Retrieved from: http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/countries-with-death-penalty/
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…
Prosecutors often find themselves in the tight sport of conflict of interest. It is easy to be diverted from the mission to deliver justice when one is a prosecutor because of the ever-conflicting interests, and motivations one is exposed to (Green &Roiphe, 2017). In the case of … bar for civilized people demands that society disapproves of the violation of ethical behavior and moral decorum (Pathranarakul, 2005).
Distrust of the judicial system
The genesis of societal distrust towards its institutions is anchored on a range of actions that promote the perception of justice. Poor performance by the political class and the institutions that they run is what bred the reinforcement of the emergent counter-majority organizations, especially … the political class and the institutions that they run is what bred the reinforcement of the emergent counter-majority organizations, especially about the judiciary system. According to Claus Offe (1999), institutional distrust arises……
References
Alterio, E. (2011). From judicial comity to legal comity: A judicial solution to global disorder?I-CON, 9(2), 394-424. doi: 10.1093/icon/mor036
BrainMass. (2019). Correctional officer subculture: Ethics. Retrieved from https://brainmass.com/law/familylaw/correctional-officer-subculture-ethics-165895
Filgueiras, F. (2011).Transparência e controle da corrupção no Brasil. In: Corrupção e sistemapolítico no Brasil, edited by Leonardo Avritzer and Fernando Filgueiras. Rio de Janeiro: CivilizaçãoBrasileira.
Kindregan, C. (1975).Conflict of interest and the lawyer in civil practice. Retrieved from https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol10/iss3/2
Legal Dictionary. (2018). Conflict of interest. Retrieved from https://legaldictionary.net/conflict-of-interest/
Lilles, H. (2002). Circle sentencing: Part of the restorative justice continuum. IIRP. Retrieved from https://www.iirp.edu/news/circle-sentencing-part-of-the-restorative-justice-continuum
Montes, A., Mears, D., &Conchran, J. (2016). The privatization debate: A conceptual framework for improving (public and private) corrections. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 32(4). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305418634_The_Privatization_Debate_A_Conceptual_Framework_for_Improving_Public_and_Private_Corrections
Off, C. (1999). How can we trust our fellow citizens? In: Democracy and trust, edited by Mark Warren. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Study Document
… the rise of the prison-industrial complex as being “accompanied by an ideological campaign to persuade us once again…that race is a marker of criminal.”[footnoteRef:2] In other words, the prison complex is there to herd blacks into a system, whereby they are branded like cattle—marked as being lowlifes, degenerates, trouble makers—and then re-introduced into society among the “civilized” set. Upon re-introduction into … of the country had to allow blacks to rise up: no, they just developed a new form of slavery and oppression: the prison-industrial system—and then they began arresting blacks for “crimes” that in any real, civilized society would never have been considered criminal in the first place. [2: Angela Y. Davis, The Meaning of Freedom (San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, 2012), 38.]
This notion is … writ writers—black Muslims, and suspected militants.”[footnoteRef:3] The descriptive passage is worth quoting in full because it describes the exact nature……
Bibliography
Davis, Angela. The Meaning of Freedom. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, 2012.
Gomez, Alan. “Resisting Living Death at Marion Federal Penitentiary, 1972,” Radical History Review 96 (2006): 58–86.
Prashad, Vijay. “Second-Hand Dreams,” Social Analysis 49: 2 (Summer 2005): 191-198.
Sudbury, Julia. “A World Without Prisons: Resisting Militarism, Globalized Punishment, and Empire,” Social Justice 31.2 (2004): 9-28.
Study Document
Fighting the Drug War
What is the most significant problem facing the criminal justice system ? Why?
The fact that using recreational drugs is illegal in the United States has always been controversial from a civil rights standpoint. … War,” 2018).
Instead of prosecuting individuals for drug crimes wholesale, a more nuanced attitude to drug crimes must be adopted. First and foremost, criminal of marijuana should be a priority. Many states have already begun the process of legalization, and the fact that an African-American individual is … that an African-American individual is four times as likely than a white individual to be arrested for the same marijuana-related offense highlights the justice that are rife in both the drug war and this specific component of the drug war (Resing, 2018). The drug war heavily penalizes … an illness.
References
Race and the drug war. (2018). Drug Policy Alliance. Retrieved from: https://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/race-and-drug-war……
References
Race and the drug war. (2018). Drug Policy Alliance. Retrieved from: https://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/race-and-drug-war
Resing, C. (2018). Marijuana legalization is a racial justice issue. ACLU. Retrieved from: https://www.aclu.org/blog/criminal-law-reform/drug-law-reform/marijuana-legalization- racial-justice-issue
Study Document
...Criminal justice system Even though slavery was abolished with the 13th Amendment, blacks in the South were still subjected to harsh and unfair treatment throughout the latter half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century. In fact, it would be more than a century after the ratification of the 13th Amendment before the Civil Rights Act would be signed into law—and it would take a major protest led by Martin Luther King, Jr. just to achieve that. From the Mississippi Black Code of 1865 to King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail in 1963, one can see the shape of American history with respect to its race relations.
The historical significance of the Mississippi Black Code of 1865 is that it helped to institutionalize the era of Jim Crow—a time when blacks, who were supposed to be treated as free and equal, continued to be oppressed and harassed by unfair social doctrines.……
Works Cited
King, Jr., Martin Luther. “Letter from Birmingham Jail.” 1963.
The Mississippi Black Code of 1865.
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