Central Bank Essays (Examples)
Study Document
The Phillips Cure And Unemployment
… labor. The rate of unemployment, in other words, was not tied to inflation but rather to real wages. Friedman (1977) objected to the central bank’s idea that it could higher inflation for lower unemployment. By trying to manipulate the labor market below where the natural forces of supply … trying to manipulate the labor market below where the natural forces of supply and demand determine it should be, Friedman contended that the government/central bank would create a money illusion—the sense among laborers that they were getting paid more—but the reality would be that their money now had … constant, as it was during the 1960s, the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment holds true. This is the short-run. However, when the central bank attempts to adjust the rate of inflation in order to lower the rate of unemployment, the long-run shows that unemployment will return to … of unemployment,……
References
References
Amadeo, K. (2019). Unemployment rate by year since 1929 compared to inflation and GDP. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/unemployment-rate-by-year-3305506
FRED. (2019). FRED Graph. Retrieved from https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNU04000024#0
Friedman, M. (1977). Nobel lecture: inflation and unemployment. Journal of political economy, 85(3), 451-472.
Heller, R. (2017). Monetary mischief and the debt trap. Cato Journal, 37(2), 247-261.
Lucas, R. E., & Rapping, L. A. (1969). Price expectations and the Phillips curve. The American Economic Review, 59(3), 342-350.
Stiglitz, J. (1997). Reflections on the natural rate hypothesis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(1), 3-10.
Wulwick, N. J. (1987). The Phillips curve: which? whose? to do what? how?. Southern Economic Journal, 834-857.
Study Document
Federal Reserve Operations And Market Impact
… used by the Federal Reserve to implement monetary policy?
Monetary policy refers to the actions undertaken by the Federal Reserve, which is the central bank, to control credit and its flow within the United States economy. Significantly, what occurs with money and credit influences interest rates and also … carry out business with on a certain day. Instead, this choice emanates from an open market whereby the different securities dealers that the central bank conducts business with, have competition based on price.
Open market operations can, on the one hand, be permanent and encompass the downright buying … funds rate close to the target federal funds rate (Federal Reserve, 2017).
2. Reserve Requirement
The reserve requirement alludes to the money that bank have to maintain overnight. bank can maintain their reserves either within their respective vaults or with the Fed. On the one hand, a low reserve requirement enables……
References
References
Brandl, M. (2020). Money, banking, financial markets & institutions. New York: Cengage Learning.
Federal Reserve Education. (n.d). Monetary Policy Basics. Retrieved from: https://www.federalreserveeducation.org/about-the-fed/structure-and-functions/monetary-policy
Federal Reserve. (2017). Monetary Policy Tools. Retrieved from: https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/bsd-monetary-policy-tools-201711.htm
Lumen Learning. (n.d). Macroeconomics: How a Central Bank Executes Monetary Policy. Retrieved from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-macroeconomics/chapter/tools-of-monetary-policy/
Study Document
Labor Market Wages And Income Inequality
… good look at the labor market, wage growth and income inequality may help to explain why the president is so worried about the central bank maintaining loose monetary policy.
Introduction
While President Trump has often insisted that this is the best economy ever (BBC, 2019), there are signs … interprets labor market data (unemployment vs. labor participation rate), wages vs. inflation, and income inequality. Since the Federal Reserve along with the other central bank of the world engaged in unconventional monetary policy aka quantitative easing in response to the global economic crisis of 2007-2008, asset prices have … forcing wage hikes will only lead to more layoffs and the greater implementation of automation. Income inequality will remain so long as the central bank remains the buyer of last resort. The labor market will continue to offer mainly jobs in services, as this is all that will ……
References
References
BBC. (2019). US economy under Trump: Is it the greatest in history? Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45827430
Bernstein, J. (2019). A tight job market is a potent force against inequality and wage stagnation. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/02/01/tight-job-market-is-potent-force-against-inequality-wage-stagnation/?utm_term=.0a531cf24efb
Cox, J. (2019). Private payroll growth tops estimates as job market shows signs of tightening. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/31/private-payrolls-up-156k-in-july-vs-150k-est-adpmoodys.html
Harwood, J. (2019). 5 reasons why income inequality has become a major political issue. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/05/5-reasons-income-inequality-has-become-a-major-political-issue.html
Study Document
Globalization Of Insurance
… investment (ROI). Part of the problem with the globalization of insurance is that everything has been globalized—right down to investable markets. Since 2008, central bank around the world have lowered rates to the point that it is impossible for insurance funds to obtain a targeted ROI without investing ……
References
References
Egan, M. (2018). Tax cut triggers $437 billion explosion of stock buybacks. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2018/07/10/investing/stock-buybacks-record-tax-cuts/index.html
Flegm, E. H. (2008). The Need for Reliability in Accounting. Why historical cost is more reliable than fair value. Journal of Accountancy, 205(5), 34.
Healy, P. M., Palepu, K., & Serafeim, G. (2009). Subprime Crisis and Fair-Value Accounting. HBS Case, (109-031).
Laux, C., & Leuz, C. (2010). Did fair-value accounting contribute to the financial crisis?. Journal of economic perspectives, 24(1), 93-118.
Light, L. (2019). More than Half of All Stock Buybacks are Now Financed by Debt. Here’s Why That’s a Problem. Retrieved from https://fortune.com/2019/08/20/stock-buybacks-debt-financed/
Reda, J. (2018). How Stock Buybacks Can Affect Executive Compensation. Retrieved from http://clsbluesky.law.columbia.edu/2018/08/03/how-stock-buybacks-can-affect-executive-compensation/
Young, M. R., (2008). Both sides make good points. Journal of Accountancy, 205(5), 34.
Vaughan, E. J., & Vaughan T. M., (2013). Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance, 11th Edition.
Study Document
Democracy In America In The 21st Century
… interventionism has run amok, and the world is now living under a global command economy whose terms are dictated by a triumvirate of central bank, government leaders and big business owners. Everyone else is simply told what to do and expected to like, and one should need no … COVID 19. The challenge facing democracy in the world today is the threat of authoritarianism that looms over government via the integration of central bank, organs of the state and big business circumventing the will of power and the democratic means of control.
Authoritarianism was always a problem … America, the conflict between democracy as a form of government (best exercised at the local level—i.e., at the state level) and authoritarianism or central power emerged at the beginning days of the nation. The debate was between the Federalists (who called for central power in the form of a federal government)……
References
Works Cited
Dahl, Robert. On Democracy.
Ferejohn, John. Is Inequality a Threat to Democracy?
Friedman, Milton. Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press.
Mansbridge, Jane. On the Importance of Getting Things Done. PS, 2012.
Runciman, David. The Confidence Trap. Princeton University Press.
Study Document
Major Issues Facing The European Union
… crisis, 3) the open borders policy, 4) the problem of NATO, 5) the ultra-high and potentially catastrophic levels of debt that the European central bank (ECB) has made possible through its easy credit and low interst rates monetary policy, and now 6) the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, this paper ……
References
References
Amadeo, K. (2019). Eurozone debt crisis. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/eurozone-debt-crisis-causes-cures-and-consequences-3305524
BBC. (2020). Brexit. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887
Chadwick, L. (2020). Recession could tip EU. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2020/02/27/could-covid-19-coronavirus-trigger-a-european-economic-recession
Grose, T. (2020). Coronavirus tests Europe’s open borders. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2020-03-02/europes-open-border-agreement-may-become-casualty-to-coronavirus
Herszenhorn, D. (2019). Europe’s NATO problem. Retrieved from https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-nato-problem-defense-procurement-training-research/
Pew Research Center. (2016). European opinions of the refugee crisis. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/16/european-opinions-of-the-refugee-crisis-in-5-charts/
Wirtz, B. (2019). The Beginning Of The End Of Open Borders In Europe. Retrieved from https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-beginning-of-the-end-of-open-borders-in-europe/
Study Document
Enterprise Risk Management In Wells Fargo During The Pandemic
… on the other hand have seen business dry up due to mandated quarantine orders. Small business owners and large corporations have filed for bank. All of this impacts the bank sector and Wells Fargo specifically because of its role in managing loan products, using interest rates to attract savers, and offering investment advice. … creditors began defaulting on loans and the price of credit default swaps skyrocketed. Moral hazard came back to bite a number of high-profile bank that were left with millions if not billions in mortgage-backed securities for which…[break]…premium is determined by the market and is usually priced according … is an international competitor of Wells Fargo and tends to succeed more than it its competitors because of a healthy risk culture. The bank does not seek to avoid risk but rather embraces and takes risks. It does so knowing that it has strong protections in place,……
References
References
Beasley, M. (2020). How to Leverage ERM Principles to Better Respond to COVID-19-Related Risks. ERM Professional Insights.
Derysh, I. (2020). Watchdog questions why Wells Fargo reported giving only one large PPP loan to a Black-owned business. Retrieved from https://www.salon.com/2020/07/22/watchdog-questions-why-wells-fargo-reported-giving-only-one-large-ppp-loan-to-a-black-owned-business/
English, C. (2020). Wells Fargo Forced to Cut Its Dividend After Fed Stress Test. Here’s What Other Banks Did. Retrieved from https://www.barrons.com/articles/wells-fargo-forced-to-cut-its-dividend-after-fed-stress-test-51593467664
Hall, J. (2007). Internal Auditing and ERM: Fitting in and Adding Value. Retrieved from https://global.theiia.org/about/about-the-iia/Public Documents/Sawyer_Award_2007.pdf
Kaplan, R. & Mikes, A. (2012). Managing risks: A new framework. Harvard Business Review, 3.
Lewis, M. (2010). The Big Short. NY: W. W. Norton.
Lundqvist, S. (2014). Abandoning Silos for Integration: Implementing Enterprise Risk Management and Risk Governance. Lund University.
Morgenson, G. (2020). More Wells Fargo customers say the bank decided to pause their mortgage payments without asking. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/business/personal-finance/more-wells-fargo-customers-say-bank-decided-pause-their-mortgage-n1234610
Study Document
Branding Study
… $80 per share today. While not all of the company’s stock performance can be attributed to the company’s branding strategy (share buybacks and central bank intervention also help to keep stock prices levitated), Nike’s brand has become so recognizable and trusted that it is literally associated with winning.
……
References
Works Cited
“About Nike.” Nike, 2000. https://about.nike.com/
Global News. “Nike shoes burn on social media as Colin Kaepernick features in ‘Just Do It’ campaign.” Global News, 2018 https://globalnews.ca/news/4425379/nike-shoes-burn-colin-kaepernick/
Morning Consult. “Nike's Favorability Drops Double Digits Following New ‘Just Do It’ Campaign with Colin Kaepernick.” Morning Consult, 2019. https://morningconsult.com/form/nike-kaepernick-report/
Peters, Jeremy. “The Birth of ‘Just Do It’ and Other Magic Words.” The New York Times, 19 Aug 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/20/business/media/20adco.html?_r=3&ref=busine ss
Storey, G. “Nike and the importance of meaningful brand values.” Polpeo, 2019. https://polpeo.com/nike-and-the-importance-of-meaningful-brand-values/
Study Document
How Amazon Hedges Its Forex Risk
...Central bank Abstract
Amazon operates in 58 countries, and while its international operations tend to be offsetting in terms of costs and revenues, there still foreign currency profits that end up being translated back to Amazon’s financial statements. This creates translational risk for the company. The operating offsets mean that Amazon doesn’t need to utilize hedging strategies, but tactics like offsetting costs and revenues, and diversification of international operations, help Amazon reduce the translational risk that it faces. This paper will examine what foreign currency exchange rate risks Amazon faces, and what tactics it undertakes to mitigate these risks on its income statement and balance sheet.
Introduction
Amazon has online retail operations in 58 countries around the world, and these are typically priced in local currency. This has implications for the company’s strategies with respect to foreign exchange risk, and foreign exchange cash flows. The use of local pricing is aided, however,……
References
References
Amazon 2019 Annual Report. Retrieved April 29, 2020 from https://s2.q4cdn.com/299287126/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/2019-Annual-Report.pdf
HowMuch.net (2019) Charting the most powerful reserve currencies in the world. HowMuch.net. Retrieved April 29, 2020 from https://howmuch.net/articles/worlds-top-reserve-currencies-2019
Mehta, N., Detroja, P. & Agashe, A. (2018) Amazon changes prices on its products about every 10 minutes – here’s how and why they do it. Business Insider. Retrieved April 29, 2020 from https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-price-changes-2018-8
Reiff, N. (2020) Hedge. Investopedia. Retrieved April 29, 2020 from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hedge.asp
Roamy (2019) The consequences of Amazon’s pricing power. Medium.com. Retrieved April 29, 2020 from https://medium.com/goods-services/https-medium-com-goods-services-amazons-pricing-power-797e28b63fbd
Statista (2019) Annual net sales of Amazon in selected leading markets from 2014 to 2019. Statista. Retrieved April 29, 2020 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/672782/net-sales-of-amazon-leading-markets/
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